Health Policy Health Care Policy - 1241 Words

Health care Policy Health policy refers to the decisions, plans, and actions that are undertaken with the purpose of achieving specific healthcare goals within a certain society (Lindsay, 2005). According to the world health organization, an explicit health policy is capable of achieving several things. It states a vision for the future, which helps to establish targets for medium and short term. A brief history of universal healthcare efforts in the US In the 1800, the German and British systems were developed by governments in power as a defense to counter expansion of the socialist and labor parties. These governments used insurance against the cost of sickness in order to turn benevolence to power. The government of United States took no actions to subsidize voluntary funds. The federal government left matters to the states and voluntary and private programs (Lindsay, 2005). In the progressive era, President Roosevelt Theodore supported health insurance because he believed a strong nation needs well people. In 1906, the American association of labor legislation led the campaign for health insurance. Rhode Island congressional representative introduced new proposal in 1958 in order to cover hospital costs for old people on social security. Community Health Nurse Community health nurses have adapt to providing care to the public including churches, health clinics, shelters, the homeless and schools. Community health nurses provide comprehensive care to patients withinShow MoreRelatedHealth Care Policy Is An Anomaly Among Industrialized Nations Essay1580 Words   |  7 Pagesapproach to health care policy is an anomaly among industrialized nations. Disagreement about what the federal government’s role in health care ought to be, combined with the structure of lawmaking institutions, have yielded generations of improvised policies and programs that intend to mollify individual issues created by the health care system rather than comprehensively addressing its flaws. Following World War II, while most industrialized nations were creating national systems for health care in orderRead MoreHealth Care Policy1658 Words   |  7 PagesMedicare Policy Process Brandy Marsh HCS 455 December 12, 2011 John (Jay) Cutspec Medicare Policy Process The health care, policy-making process is composed of three major stages; the formulation stage, legislative stage, and the implementation stage. The policy process refers to the specific decisions and events that are required for a policy to be proposed, considered, and finally either implemented and/or set aside. It is an interactive process with multiple points of access providingRead MoreHealth Care Policy10795 Words   |  44 Pagesmillion people, will be without health care insurance because coverage will be too expensive (CQ Health beat News, 2005). The United States spends more money on health care than other industrialized nations but is the only one that doesn’t ensure health care coverage for all citizens. Every year, approximately 18,000 unnecessary deaths occur because of health insurance lacking in the United States, (Institute of Medicine [IOM], 2002). Proponents of universal health care coverage say this problem isRead MoreRole Of Policy On Health Care Essa y1094 Words   |  5 Pages Role of Policy in Health Care Student Name Institution Affiliation â€Æ' Role of Policy in Health Care Ek, R., Goolsby, L., Wengrovius, E. (2011).The national policy outlook for 2011. Policy Practice, 69(1), 16. The health care executives should actively coordinate in problem planning and preparation activities, striving to ensure that their exigency operations plan fits within the whole community plans and represents an accountable approach to the risks an organization might undergoRead MoreHealth Policy- Primary Health Care2490 Words   |  10 Pagesbetter future: Primary Health Care Primary health care is a term used to describe a system where a patient’s health care needs are attended to by the most appropriately trained individual. This method of health care delivery has been called a â€Å"team based approach† (Health Canada, 2006). Instead of seeing the doctor for every health concern, other health professionals such as nurse practitioners, pharmacists, dieticians or physiotherapists may be called upon to take care of your concerns. In thisRead MoreHealthcare And Health Care Policies1627 Words   |  7 PagesI have learned a plethora of critical and important information regarding healthcare and health care policies in the United States and in the world while I took UC 105 and 106 as part of the Health Sciences Scholars Program. One of the topics that stuck out to me the most during the lecture was the topic of constrained choice. For me, this topic really resonated with me since I understood some of the constrained choices and decisions tha t many Americans have to go through on a daily basis. I alsoRead MoreThe Health Care System And Its Policies862 Words   |  4 PagesI think the number one challenge facing the United States of America today is our health care system and its policies. Before talk about the issues we face today, we must talk about how it is formed and its components. The healthcare system in USA is a mix of private and public components. Almost all healthcare facilities are owned and controlled by private sector. Some hospitals are non-profit, others are owned by the government and others are run by private organizations. Between 60-70% are non-profitRead MoreIssues In Health Care Policy1452 Words   |  6 PagesHealth care improvements in the United States can be accomplished in several ways including the implementation of health care policies. Health care policies are often comprised of rules, guidelines and actions set forth to improve certain health care issues (Health policy, 2017). During t he policy formation process agenda are set outlining the issues to be addressed in the policy. The policies intended target audience may receive many benefits such as receiving education on the issue, learningRead MoreImplementing A Health Care Policy1482 Words   |  6 PagesThe process of implementing a health care policy involves important steps of legislation formulation before execution and monitoring for progression and improvements. Committees and subcommittees on levels of the government, state, and local legislation are inclusive in ensuring the policy is enacted both efficiently and effectively. To accomplish these goals and objectives legislators must develop rules and regulations that align with goals and objectives, and take precautions to form the properRead MoreInternational Health Care Policies2322 Words   |  10 PagesInternational Health Care Policies Of the countries that were made available, the three countries health care policies I found most interesting were United Kingdom, Japan and Taiwan. These three countries all had a very different take on how to provide healthcare to the public but they also all managed to do so with a low government GDP. The United Kingdom is a capitalist democracy with a health care system that tries to support it’s views of an economic, political and social economy. There

Essay on The Emo Subculture - 1350 Words

2.1 The Existence and Importance Emos have been around for quite some time. Though their importance in our society is very negligible, they seem to be an up and coming icon for the youths of today. Or do they? Most youths immediately think ‘Emo’ when they see a person with long hair or fringe. Well that’s not the case. Most people are having trouble differentiating Emos from Goths and Scenes mainly because their looks are similar. Though Emos only have a very small importance in our society, teenagers seem to have a very keen liking to them and thus, making them very influential. In some cases, they get really obsessed with being emo that they end up hurting themselves, for example, cutting themselves, which is a very common†¦show more content†¦Ian and Guy then quit ‘R.O.S.’ and formed a band name ‘Embrace’ which imposed very musical guitar riffs, varied rhythms and deeply personal and impassioned lyrics. Bands such as ‘Gray Matter’, ‘Fire P arty’, ‘Kingface’ and â€Å"Beefeater’ were connected to this movement. Fans would then copy how they dressed, how they acted, how they felt and sounded, and they would be labelled as ‘Emo’. 3.2 Evolution It is not until the mid 1980’s that the ‘Emos’ became popular among teenagers. They were still confused as Punks though their style was quite different. Emo music then started to emerge in the popular music stream, but it’s not until late 1980’s that bands such as ‘Jawbreaker’ and ‘Sunny Day Real Estate’ started making very influential music that from the underground scene, they brought Emo closer to the main stream. The 1991 success of ‘Nirvana’s first album, ‘Nevermind’, started the underground music and subcultures in the United States to become big business. The Emo music then became mainstream which made its effects on teens greater and influenced them greatly. During the year 2000, the emo music started spreading throughout the nations and influenced youths everywhere. The type of music was slightly changed with additions of screaming to its songs. Due to these changes, fans were convinced of expressing themselves more and started having this standard but often altered or customised look. 4. Values and Attitudes 4.1 Lifestyle Emos have a veryShow MoreRelatedEmo Subculture1914 Words   |  8 PagesTHE EMO SUBCULTURE Aspects of Contemporary Society Emo, short for Emotional; this group is generally constructed as a group of teenagers who desperately try to escape the social class they have been put into. Mostly an underground scene the term â€Å"Emo† began as a music genre in the mid 1980’s with a group of bands set on redefining punk rock music. They based their music on emotions and feelings and this quickly spread throughout America. This lasted until the early 2000’s when the bases turned toRead MoreEmo Subculture Essay1773 Words   |  8 PagesReport In EALD Ways of life (Emo subculture) Table of contents 1. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.1 2. Emo subculture†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.1 3. History†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..1 4. Music †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..1 5. Fashion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.2 4.1 Clothing 4.2 Hairstyle 4.3 Make-ups and accessories 6. Lifestyle †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.3 5.1 What do they believe in? 5.2 What do they do? 7. Values and attitude†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..3 6.1 Viewpoint in life 6.2 Behaviour 6.3Read MoreEmo Culture1648 Words   |  7 PagesIn today’s society there are many different subculture tendencies amongst young people, they are various and interpenetrating, but to the bigger part of them is leading the element music and above all such kind of music, that is with a history of many years, transformed in classic for many generations. But recently one very different from the entire subcultures tendencies phenomenon, called emo style, especially strongly caused a sensation. It is different not only at the way of clothing, at theRead MoreDynamic Nominalism848 Words   |  4 Pagesgoing to explore Hacking’s term dynamic nominalism through the illustration of some of the issues in the emo society. The concept of dynamic nominalism claims that in giving a name to a category a new opportunity is created for human types to adopt. New types of people start to exist that in some respects did not before. We can see this through the emergence of the emo society. The term emo is short for emotional it was first used as a description for a genre of music named emotional hardcore,Read MoreThe Role of Music in Forming and Transforming Identities2290 Words   |  9 Pageswithin the ‘emo’ subculture contrasting it to the dance music tradition. The subculture of emo music engulfed many young adults of today’s generation including myself and those who were drawn to its spectrum and their affiliation to the music will allow for an in-depth analysis of points made by scholars which will allow me to contrast the emo subculture to that of dance music. Dance music has become increasingly popular in the current popular music scene and it offers a distinct contrast to emo music Read MoreThere Are All Kinds Of Music1505 Words   |  7 Pagesare all kinds of â€Å"emo† type of music/songs. Adults would think that emo music is the cause for all the suicides, depression, self-harm, homicide and what not, but it is not completely true. Emo music is must more than adults bargain for. Emo music have real deep meanings in their lyrics, they may have some â€Å"dark† language in their music, but some bands don t mean for it to influence others. Emo music helps those who need to escape from reality and enter the world of music. Emo music may not be rapRead MoreAustralian Aborigines1112 Words   |  5 Pagespubs. Popular foods include the leaves of the lemon myrtle tree, wattle seeds, and Balmain bugs. In Australia there are subcultures that pop up in their society, one of these subcultures are â€Å"Sharpies† they are suburban youth gangs, they are violent, their name comes from how they dress â€Å"sharp.† There are also teenagers who dress like an emo person, but cannot be called emo. Their fashion consists of tiaras, ripped jeans, leopard print band shirts from the 80’s.(smh.com) Some countercultures inRead MoreSubcultures And Its Influence On Contemporary Society1562 Words   |  7 PagesHistorically, subcultures found its definition originating in the early 1800s, with examples such as bohemia and another example(ref). Whether subcultures still have an identifiable existence in today’s contemporary society is contentious pertaining to its difficulty in actual measurement. It is important to look from a historical perspective at the features that define a subculture, and gives it the unique identity that constitutes some discernible traits that di ffer from conventional society. ThisRead MoreClothing And Identity And Social Class1342 Words   |  6 Pagesidentities† (Bennet, 2005). Subculture groups allow people that share the same interests such as music, style and similar likes and dislikes into specific groups that they will fit into. One of the most important and controversial subculture is the Punk group. Punks are probably the most extreme subculture who through their anti-fashion style of dress, expressed the effect the changing political and economic structures. So subcultures like Goths, Mods, Teddy boys and Emos have always evolved theirRead MoreSocial, Biological And Cognitive Changes1475 Words   |  6 PagesLohan as a girl negotiating the jungles of teenage subcultures, put a new label on this type of teen. They always embrace the latest fashions. They form exclusive cliques and frequently engage in gossip. They crave popularity, often because they feel insecure; yet they have a hard time with genuine relationships. Emo kids — highly emotional. Their emotions are reflected in their appearance: dark clothing, streaked bangs, and tattoos and piercings. The emo style has its roots in punk culture, which tended

National Renewable Energy Laboratory

Question: Using the PESTER analytical tool, critically analyse the impact of the Renewable energy policies of any developed economy on any OPEC member states energy policy. Answer: Introduction The countries in the Persian Gulf and the African nations have vast oil reserves. The first economy of these oil producing nations is driven by the export of crude oil. The European Union member countries import massive quantities of crude oil. The African oil producers and their Persian counterparts are members of the OPEC. But in the wake of global warming and climate change the entire context is about to change. The climate changes and security of energy are major concerns and challenges facing the world. The challenges need to be solved by the concerted effort from all member nations. The developed nations need to dedicate efforts to finding ways in solving the energy crisis. The renewable sources need to be explored and utilized to the maximum. The efforts in finding alternatives need to be intensified and put to immediate use. The OPEC members are required to reduce their rate of exports of conventional crude oil. Knowledge and research The scope of the project is to analyze the renewable energy policies of OPEC member nations. The selection of the countries in this project was made by specific criteria. The European Union is closely monitoring the internal situation of these oil producers because it imports huge quantities of oil every year to cater to its needs (Extradition agreement with the European Union 2006). Our study focuses on the things we can do to negate the effects of climate change. These strategies can be jointly identified by member nations of the OPEC and oil importing countries to find a feasible solution to this problem. The problem lies in the fact that OPEC member nations and other countries having vast natural resources would not put a leash on the extraction and sale of crude oil. The region is so rich with the presence of abundant natural resources that the entire economy of the region is driven by it. The countries wouldnt want to stop producing oil and impede their crazy growth (Spilsbury 2010). The EU and other importing countries have to urge the countries constantly to extract oil in a manner which is sustainable and yet suffices the need of the post generations. The African nations have ample agricultural resources which are not readily available in Middle Eastern regions. But agriculture cannot replace the effect of selling oil with agricultural produce (Acknowledgement to Reviewers of Agriculture in 2015 2016). There is a reason as to why we call crude oil black gold.' If a farmer was tilling the land in Western and Central Africa, suddenly find a jet stream of black liquid shooting out through the surface, he will be seen riding limousines and private jets for the rest of his life. So, people who advocate the policy of switching to agriculture instead of oil production, they are not sufficiently informed. The Middle East is predicted to be extracted and exhumed all its crude and natural gas resources by the end of this century. Then what happens to the economy of the nation, what will be the primary mode of income for the government and the people. The countries having huge resources of oil rely on the advanced technical know-how of other petroleum companies and do not provide required school or college level training to its citizens about the technical knowledge of oil production (Samburg 2007). Many potential solutions to the threats of climate change and sustainable renewable energy usage have been discussed here. In the context of this project, it targets the usage and advantages of using renewable energies with possible plans of phasing out conventional forms of energies. We have to mention it here that the Middle East and North African nations are viewing nuclear power as a game-changing phenomenon. The nuclear power if regulated can generate enormous energy and motivate the sale of that clean power. The atomic energy can be produced by little raw material, generally in the form of Uranium 238. The U-238 is an isotope of Uranium, which can produce significant energy with petite of the active element (ChemViews 2012). Many countries in the petroleum belt are drawing plans to integrate the use of nuclear energy into their existing energy system infrastructure. Other forms of renewable energies are also being targeted by the OPEC members as well. They are interested in exp loiting the huge solar radiation that is available in abundance in the equatorial planes. The solar power has the capability to be integrated with energy systems in place (Energy efficiency and renewable energy research, development, and deployment in meeting greenhouse gas mitigation goals 2010). We will be involved in the in-depth discussion of several energy policies of OPEC member nations and their plans to phase in the use of renewable energies. Arguments and analysis The renewable energy usages of the OPEC member nations need to be studied in further detail. We have selected the nations for analysis based on their annual production and consumption of natural gas and crude oil. The countries that have been selected for the analysis are the United Kingdom and United Arab Emirates. The nations were selected because they have several parameters in common. Firstly, the export of crude oil makes a large percent of their annual GDP. Therefore the sale of crude is a chief financial aspect governing the formulation of policies and national interests (Holt 2008). The countries provide all efforts to keep their margin of export high, to generate national income. The second common factor is that these member nations are actively involved in the area of nuclear energy. The other commonalities that made us shortlist these three countries for analysis are also because these countries are all located in the Sunbelt, between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn (Raum 2008). Despite several common aspects, the countries also differ widely in various aspects of socio-cultural and economic factors like size of the population and its incremental rise, the total amount of fossil fuel in reserves and the rates of unemployment prevalent in these countries. PESTLE analysis of the selected countries The political forces of the member countries are responsible for shaping the energy policy of the nation (Societal and economic factors 2008). The political analysis of the countries selected for our study reveals that the government body frames the policy of renewable energy usage almost all of the times. In rare cases, they outsource the responsibility to specific professional bodies for the recommendation. Further research shows that the Oil and Natural Gas Ministry is the most influential decision-making body when it comes to shaping the renewable energy policy of the nations under consideration. So it's the most influential of the factors of the PESTLE analysis framework. Economic factors at play are already mentioned multiple times in the discussion. The economy of the region is crude oil driven (Ruschmann 2009). The nations earn their primary revenue from the sale of oil and natural gas. So, the implementation of renewable energy policies is motivated by the export of crude. Further, these two developed economies have global presence in on shore extraction in multiple African nations and off shore drilling platforms in multitude of crude rich oceanic beds. The social analysis reveals that the nation's people are enthusiastic about the oil industry and are oblivious to the impact of renewable energy on the nations economy. The economy is supported by the oil industry. The industry provides employment to many workers. The social culture is influenced by oil. The countries must step up their efforts in setting up professional technical colleges and institutes to train the citizens on know how of oil drilling, rather leave it to private companies driven by their financial motives to rule the oil drilling portal. The renewable energy sector has benefitted widely with the advancement of harvesting technology (Oil and natural gas 2008). The technology to harvest renewable energy has undergone radical changes. The technology policy of the nations has been simple. The nations have increased reliance on advanced machinery to harvest renewable energy. Legal conditions within the country have set the pace for implementing the use of renewable energy. There are laws relating to export of domestically produced renewable energy to other nations. The environmental analysis of the states under concern reveals that no significant policies exist to protect the environment (Johnston 2009). The framework to develop and exploit environmental sources of energy exist but are profoundly absent in the implementation phase. Evaluation of the issues It is evident from our past discussions that OPEC countries rely heavily on the export of crude oil barrels. The need to reduce carbon emissions and decrease the carbon footprint of the globe, efforts has been taken by countries other than OPEC members to reduce the reliance on petrol and gas. The efforts have been stepped up to reduce the emission from fossil fuels and coal based industries. The member nations of climate conventions have come forward to step up their efforts in finding better alternatives to conventional energy sources (Scherer 2010). The OPEC member states have since its inception spoken with a unified voice. They have voiced their dissent on the decision of other countries to reduce consumption of oil. They argued that it would adversely affect their economy and drive them to financial ruins. The other countries have since argued counter statements saying that the OPEC members need to develop alternate sources of income to support their economy. The OPEC members h ave been noncompliant in their strategy. The OPEC members have been advised well early before the onset of global warming and climate change that their economies would take a plunge into Deep Ocean when the world eventually phases out usage of oil (Haugen, Musser and Lovelace 2010). These are the primary issues that are restricting the implementation of renewable energy use policy in the OPEC states. The educational models and their uses The economic and financial strategies that the member states have undertaken can be applied to a few academic theoretical models. The theoretical models used to analyze are divided into two categories: great analysis models which comprise of the academic framework of the country to train future professionals in the field of renewable energy courses. The internal analysis also contains sub external forces which determine the result of the business decisions on academic training of renewable courses. The external academic model treats all factors other than internal to be under its ambit. The external analysis can be useful in dealing with forces that are shaping and guiding the renewable energy economy of a country. The models are in compliance with international standards which are prevalent in developed economies (Financial Growth Strategies 2008). The ongoing researches and findings indicate a trend that is shifting base from internal to external sources in the OPEC member countrie s. Elaboration of the ideas The countries of Middle East under OPEC nations have little-known prospects of biomass energy potential. The North African countries have significant potential biomass energy sources which they can exploit. The other potential sources of renewable energy of the three OPEC member nations have been quite impactful. The countries have huge geothermal energy harvesting potential (Saunders 2008). The potential of harvesting huge hydropower also exists. The countries under consideration need to gear up for producing electricity and exporting them in numbers to support their dwindling economies. The Paris climate convention had predicted that the year of 2049 the whole world would be independent of the clutches of oil trade and be self-reliant in meeting their energy needs. The OPEC countries need to understand they would be in shambles unless they implement alternate ways of generating income. The United Arab Emirates has drawn up mere suggestions on how to achieve and realize this ideolog y (Currie 2011). The practical problems that the countries would be facing after the world has rejected oil are to be considered deeply. The issue would become rampant because their entire nations would be reeling under poverty. Before the situation sets its roots deeper into the rich ground, they need to eliminate the problem altogether. Appropriate solution The ways of finding appropriate solutions to these problems would properly educate the country's youth. If the young people and the next generation is educated and capable of free thinking, they would certainly take measures to stop the exhumation of oil. The youth of today is voicing their concerns about this system. The countries economy won't suffer if oil is phased out only if the countries youth are employable in other sectors. The countries might learn eventually to do without oil. The countries need to make investments in other sectors to generate and supplement the income of the nations. The countries might step up their efforts to make universities of technical education and make the universities available for all children of the society. These steps need to be taken now since the countries have excess money and can spend lavishly on developing the education sector. Apart from renewable energy changes, the governments of OPEC member countries can apply these changes to prepa re the economy significantly for radical changes that are due any moment. Conclusion The detailed analysis of energy systems both conventional and nonconventional has shown that there cannot be a single solution to problems faced by OPEC members. The problems are varied and interdependent of other various factors. The conclusions we can draw are significantly not friendly to OPEC member interests. The OPEC members will always try to lobby its efforts in finding a solution that will not hamper its global oil trade. The world, though, has other plans to ratify joint action against the national interest of these economies. So, before that happens and the OPEC countries stare at a financial meltdown looming on the horizon, they need to understand that their free reign will not go on and on. It's about time that the countries know their value of oil and save it for a later generation to come. The future generations must be allowed to reap the benefits of natural resources. References Acknowledgement to Reviewers of Agriculture in 2015. (2016).Agriculture, 6(1), p.8. ChemViews, (2012). Renewable Energies: Wind, Solar, Biomass.ChemViews. Currie, S. (2011).Hydropower. San Diego, CA: ReferencePoint Press. Energy efficiency and renewable energy research, development, and deployment in meeting greenhouse gas mitigation goals. (2010). Golden, Colo.: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Extradition agreement with the European Union. (2006). Washington: U.S. G.P.O. Financial Growth Strategies. (2008).Neurosurgery, 62(6), p.1393. Haugen, D., Musser, S. and Lovelace, K. (2010).Global warming. Detroit: Greenhaven Press. Holt, D. (2008).Crude oil. Market Rasen: Total-E-Bound. Johnston, H. (2009).Culture, social movements, and protest. Farnham, England: Ashgate. Oil and natural gas. (2008). New York: DK Pub. Raum, E. (2008).Nuclear energy. Chicago, IIl.: Heinemann Library. Ruschmann, P. (2009).Energy policy. New York: Chelsea House. Samburg, D. (2007). Resources Available From Independent Natural Gas Marketers.Natural Gas, 3(11), pp.28-32. Saunders, N. (2008).Geothermal energy. Pleasantville, NY: Gareth Stevens Pub. Scherer, L. (2010).Fossil fuels. San Diego, CA: ReferencePoint Press. Societal and economic factors. (2008). Washington, D.C.: Transportation Research Board. Spilsbury, L. (2010).Natural resources. Chicago: Heinemann Library.

The Downy Woodpecker Essay Example For Students

The Downy Woodpecker Essay HabitatDownies take home in the United States and southern Canada. They have beenrecorded at elevations of up to 9,000 feet. The downies are not deep-forestedbirds, preferring deciduous trees. Open woodlands, river groves, orchards,swamps, farmland, and suburban backyards are all favorite haunts of the downy. Downies will also nest in city parks. About the only place you wont find themis deserts. The most attractive human dwelling sites are woodlands broken up bylogged patches in a waterside area. Downies also enjoy open shrubbery withgroves of young deciduous trees. Call(s) Like the hairy woodpecker, the downy beats a tattoo on a dry resonanttree branch. This drumming is the downys song, though they do make some vocalnoises. They have several single-syllable call notes which include tchick, anaggressive social note; a tick and a tkhirrr, which are alarm notes. There isalso a location call, known as a whinny, made up of a dozen or more tchicksall strung together. We will write a custom essay on The Downy Woodpecker specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Scientific Names The downy woodpeckers scientific name is Picoides pubescens. Thereare also six particular downies with six particular scientific names all fromdifferent regions of the United States and southern Canada which I have listedbelow:southern downy / Dryobates pubescens Gairdners woodpecker / Gairdneri pubescensBatchelders woodpecker / Leucurus pubescens northern downy / Medianus pubescensNelsons downy / Nelsoni pubescens willow woodpecker / Turati pubescensThe downy woodpecker is sometimes reffered to as little downy.Behavior Towards Humans The downy is unquestionably the friendliest woodpecker. A bird loverin Wisconsin described downies at their feeding station: The downies will backdown to the suet container on the basswood tree while I sit only a few feet awayon the patio. Even when I walk right up to them, most downies will not fly away,but will simply scoot around the backside of the tree trunk and peek around tosee what I am doing. If I press them, they will hop up t he backside of the treetrunk and then fly to a higher branch. FoodBesides being friendly, downy woodpeckers are our good friends foranother reason. Most of the insects they eat are considered destructive to mansorchards and forest products. About 75% of their diet is made up of animalmatter gleaned from bark and crevices where insect larvae and eggs lie hidden. While standing on that unique tripod of two legs and and a tail, downies hitchup and down tree trunks in search of a whole laundry list of insect pests. Withtheir special chisel-like bills and horny, sticky tongues, downies are adept atplucking out great numbers of beetle grubs, insect cocoons, or batches of insecteggs. They also eat spiders, snails, ants, beetles, weevils, and caterpillars,with other local insects included. 25% of a downys diet are plants made up ofthe berries of poison ivy, mountain ash, Virginia creeper, serviceberry, tupelo,and dogwood. Downies also eat the seeds of oaks, apples, hornbeams, sumac,hickory, and beach. Acorns, beachnuts, and walnuts are the particular favorites. Dr. John Confer and his students at Ithaca College have studied thedowny woodpeckers use of goldenrod galls as a source of food. They discoveredthe downys little jackhammer is just the tool needed to drill a hole in theside of the one to two inch goldenrod gall and extract the tiny grub containedinside. In fact, Confers studies show that the goldenrod grubs form animportant part of the woodpeckers winter diet. PlumageTap, tap, tap! Tap, tap, tap! It is interesting how the downy woodpeckerprops itself with those stiff tail feathers while clinging to the bark. The tailrelieves the birds weight. This unique tripod allows the downy to hop up thetree trunk with ease, but it must back down in the same position, a more akwardmotion. The downy woodpecker gets its name of downy because of its soft finefeathers. The downy, smallest of the woodpecker clan, is not even as big as arobin. It is only about the size of the of a house sparrow at six inches tall. The downy can be separated from all other woodpeckers ~ except the hairy ~ bythe broad, white strip down its back. The downy and the hairy are often confusedsince their markings are quite similar. Both range across the same territoryexcept the lower southwest where the downy is less often seen. There are reallyonly two ways to distinguish the downy and the hairy. (1) Look at the bill ofthe two birds. The downy will have a much shorter, stubbier bill. (2) The downyis about 2/3 the size of the hairy. That is another good clue to look for. The downy is most likely to be the one that you see at the feeder, sincethe hairy keeps more to the forest than the downy. However, both will feed atfeeders in the winter months, on suet especially. The tail, wings, and back of both the downy and hairy woodpeckers have ablack hue intermingled with white spots. A black cap adorns each, below whichthere is a white stripe. A small scarlet patch appears on the lower~back of thehead. Another black stripe is below this. The downies have barred outer tailfeathers not found on the hairies. CourtshipRegardless of the elevation, downy woodpeckers begin thinking aboutnesting earlier than most birds and several months before they actually nest. After spending the winter alone, the downies seem to come to life in earlyFebruary, moving more quickly and taking more interest in their own species. Their normal tap, tap, tap becomes a quite different unbrokentrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr, lasting several seconds. The tapping is no longersimply an effort to find food but a means of communicating to other downies thatthis is my territory. It is also the first attempt to attract a mate. Bothsexes drum. So early does this drumming begin that it is not unusual to hear iton sub-zero mornings. Some ornithologists believe that downy woodpeckers retain the same mateas long as they live. In this case, all the pair has to do in the spring is torenew their pair bonds. This fidelity, however, seems to be a result of anattachment to the nesting site rather than between the birds. After the drumming has united the pair, the actual courtship begins witha curious dance or weaving action by both sexes. With their neck stretched outand bill pointed in line with their head and body from side to side balancing onthe tips of their tail. Their entire body is elongated. There is also a lot offlitting and chasing from one branch to another, and more waving and weaving ofhead and body. Sometimes with wing and tail feathers spread. Considerablechattering accompanies these gyrations. NestingSometime during the courting period the actual selection of a nestingcavity occurs. The female is usually, though not always, the dominant bird andselects the nesting site. Ounce selected, both birds dig the hole. Downies willcharacteristically place the nesting cavity 3-50 feet above the ground on theunderside of an exposed dead limb. The pair will alternate digging because onlyone bird at a time can fit into the cavity. As the hole is cut deeper, the birdworking may disappear into the hole and remain out of sight for 15-20 minutes,appearing only long enough to throw out chips. (This is unlike chickadees, whichwill carry their chips away from the nesting site, downies are not concernedabout predators finding chips at the base of the nesting tree.) Then the pairwill change shifts for 15 or 20 minutes while the other bird digs. Though thefemale does most of the work, this may vary with individual pairs. Regardless,the cavity is finished in about a week. .ub49c7e4a77f86fdfae6088664a17ab78 , .ub49c7e4a77f86fdfae6088664a17ab78 .postImageUrl , .ub49c7e4a77f86fdfae6088664a17ab78 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub49c7e4a77f86fdfae6088664a17ab78 , .ub49c7e4a77f86fdfae6088664a17ab78:hover , .ub49c7e4a77f86fdfae6088664a17ab78:visited , .ub49c7e4a77f86fdfae6088664a17ab78:active { border:0!important; } .ub49c7e4a77f86fdfae6088664a17ab78 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub49c7e4a77f86fdfae6088664a17ab78 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub49c7e4a77f86fdfae6088664a17ab78:active , .ub49c7e4a77f86fdfae6088664a17ab78:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub49c7e4a77f86fdfae6088664a17ab78 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub49c7e4a77f86fdfae6088664a17ab78 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub49c7e4a77f86fdfae6088664a17ab78 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub49c7e4a77f86fdfae6088664a17ab78 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub49c7e4a77f86fdfae6088664a17ab78:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub49c7e4a77f86fdfae6088664a17ab78 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub49c7e4a77f86fdfae6088664a17ab78 .ub49c7e4a77f86fdfae6088664a17ab78-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub49c7e4a77f86fdfae6088664a17ab78:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Follow Your Heart EssayWhen the cavity is completed, sometime in mid~May, it is shaped muchlike a gourd. The entrance is 1 !/4 inches in diameter. It is dug straight aboutfour inches, then curves down 8-10 more inches and widens to about three inchesin diameter. At the very bottom, the the cavity narrows to about two inches,where a few chips are left to serve as a nest. It is believed that woodpeckershave been nesting in cavities so long in evolutionary time that nesting materialis no longer used. Chickadees and bluebirds have been nesting in cavities for ashorter period of time, and still build a nest at the bottom of the cavity asthey did when they built their nests in t he open. The eggs, too, reflect this. Species that have been using cavities formany thousands of years, like the woodpeckers, lay pure white eggs. Noprotective coloration is needed when they are hidden in a cavity. Bluebirds andchickadees, on the other hand, still lay eggs with some protective coloration onthem~specks in the case of chickadees and pale blue in bluebirds eggs. Downy woodpeckers lay four to five pure white eggs, which are incubatedby both parents through the 12 days required for hatching. They take turnsduring the daylight hours; the male incubates at night. The downy, like other woodpeckers, will seldom use the same nestingcavity year after year. Instead, the site is taken over the next year bychickadees, titmice, tree swallows, wrens, and sometimes bluebirds. This forcesthe downy couple to drill another nesting cavity each year. Young Downies When the young hatch, they are naked, blind, helpless, red-colored, andquite unattractive. During the first few critical days after hatching, theadults take turns in the cavity, one brooding the young while the other bird isgathering food. The male usually broods at night. Downies swallow and regurgitate their food to the young for only fourto five days. After that they carry insects and other bugs, primarily spiders,ants, and moths, to the youngsters in their bills. The older the chicks get, themore food the adults must provide. It isnt long before the young can be heardchippering in the cavity and both parents are feeding from daylight until dark. At times they are feeding as often as ounce a minute! A few days after hatching, feathers start to grow on the young, and bythe time they are 14 days old, their tail feathers are long enough to supporttheir weight. It is then that they make their first appearance at the cavityentrance. For the next week, the youngsters spend a great deal of their timetaking turns at the cavity entrance, heads out, chippering loudly, awaiting thenext meal. At 21 to 24 days, the young are ready to leave the cavity on theirfirst flight. A New York observer gave a good acount of a downy familys lastfew days in the cavity: The young chattered most of the time during the lasttwo days of nest life. One at a time they looked out a great deal at thestrange outer world. They left the nest on on the eleventh of June. The last two,a male and a female, left during the afternoon, each after being fed at theentrance and seeing the parent fly away. The young male flew from the nestinghole straight to a tree 60 feet away. His sister quickly followed, lighting onthe trunk of the same tree and following her parent up the bole in the hitchingmanner of their kind as though she had been practicing this vertical locomotionall of her life. The observer could distinguish male youngsters from female because theyalready had a slightly different appearance. Like their adult counterparts, theyoung males have red on their heads and the females do not. The red on the headof the juvenile male is not a small spot on the back of the head as in the adultmale, but a much larger area of red and pink on the whole crown. The youngstersare also somewhat fluffy or downy looking. The juvenile female looks like thejuvenile male, without the red crown. This juvenile plumage will be worn but a short time, for all downies,young and adult, molt into winter plumage in September. Ounce the young have fledged, the parents divide the brood and onlytake care of their charges. The male will usually take one or two of the young,while the female takes the others. According to study, young downies becomeindependent at the age of 41 days. Many people have seen youngsters on suetfeeders in late summer with no apparent adult escort, nor any interest in otherdownies in the area. In fact, the adults will drive off the youngsters at thesuet feeders. Downy woodpeckers have only one brood a year in the north, butsometimes two in the south. Winter for a Downy By September the downy woodpecker family has broken up, the young ofthe year look like adults, and all become solitary and quiet. As cold weather approaches, the first order of business is to locate awinter roosting cavity. Apparently, downies do not use their nesting cavities aswinter roosts; most birds drill fresh roosts in anticipation of the long winterahead. These preparations, however, are not made at the fast pace of mostother birds in autumn. The species that must migrate to warmer climates seem tobe restless and in such a hurry about everything. But not the downy. It remainscalm in the midst of the hustle. Such is the personality of the permanentresident. Despite this, there are some studies which indicate that some downies,particularily females, do leave the breeding territory; others dont. Thereasons for these variations are not clear. The downs winter is spent quietly and alone, searching the doormantwoodland for food. The pace of life has slowed, and often its tap, tap, tap isthe only sound to be heard above the wind in the trees. The downy is wellequiped to survive the coldest weather. It even takes playful baths in the snowpiled high on branches. A woman in Canada described one such incident: Thismorning a female downy flew to a horizantal branch and proceeded vigorously tobathe in the loose snow lying there. Like a robin in a puddle. Mrs. Downy duckedher head, ruffled her feathers and fluttered her wings, throwing some of thesnow over her back and scattering the rest to the winds. The downy woodpeckers winter food is not unlimited. The insects aponwhich it survives stopped multiplying when cold weather arrived. As time passes,the bird must search more and more diligently to feed itself. It gets some helpfrom the bands of chickadees, titmice, and nuthatches with whom it shares thewinter woods. Downies will oft en stay loosely associated with these species asthey cruise the woodlands in search of hidden morsels. But the downy is tiedsomewhat to the area near its roosting hole, since it will return to it everyevening at sunset. Therefore, the feeding areas surrounding the roosting cavitybecome a downys individual winter feeding territory, which it will defendagainst other downies. .u36bc46e3755c523bc291a22c363958c0 , .u36bc46e3755c523bc291a22c363958c0 .postImageUrl , .u36bc46e3755c523bc291a22c363958c0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u36bc46e3755c523bc291a22c363958c0 , .u36bc46e3755c523bc291a22c363958c0:hover , .u36bc46e3755c523bc291a22c363958c0:visited , .u36bc46e3755c523bc291a22c363958c0:active { border:0!important; } .u36bc46e3755c523bc291a22c363958c0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u36bc46e3755c523bc291a22c363958c0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u36bc46e3755c523bc291a22c363958c0:active , .u36bc46e3755c523bc291a22c363958c0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u36bc46e3755c523bc291a22c363958c0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u36bc46e3755c523bc291a22c363958c0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u36bc46e3755c523bc291a22c363958c0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u36bc46e3755c523bc291a22c363958c0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u36bc46e3755c523bc291a22c363958c0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u36bc46e3755c523bc291a22c363958c0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u36bc46e3755c523bc291a22c363958c0 .u36bc46e3755c523bc291a22c363958c0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u36bc46e3755c523bc291a22c363958c0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Shakespeares character Juliet Essay Backyard feeding stations are the exception. For some unexplainedreason, feeding stations are a common ground for all birds in all seasons. Usually (in the right conditions) there will be between six and ten downies atsuet feeders at various times every day during the winter. There will be fewerduring the summer. That is probably because there is more natural food in thesummer and breeding territories are more rigorously defended. Regardless, thedownies take turns at feeders, abiding by some kind of truce at the suet, thoughthere are often fights over who feeds first. Territorial Disputes When two males or two females come face to face over a territorialdispute, they spread their wings, raise their crests and assume a challengingattitude and scold each other. Most of this is bluff, of course, for they soonsettle down, unless one or the other advances toward a female. Flight Like the other members of the woodpecker clan, the downy has adistinct undulatin flight that is most evident when it crosses open areas orswoops through woodlands. The dips are not as deep as those of a goldflinch, butas ornithologist Arthur Cleveland Bent said, It gives the effect of a shippitching slightly in a heavy sea. A few strokes carry the bird up to the crestof the wave~ the wings clapping close to the side of the body~ then, at thecrest, with the wings shut, the bird tilts slightly foward, and slides down intothe next trough.Enemies ; Camouflage Though no songbird is totally safe from predators, not many downywoodpeckers fall prey to hawks, owls, and other winged hunters. When attacked,downies are quite adroit at dodging raptors by flitting around the branches oftheir natural habitat. They can also flatten themselves against the bark of atree trunk and become almost invisible to any pursuer. Maurice Thompsondescribed a downys defense against a goshawk: The downy dart ed through thefoliage and flattened itself against a large oak bough, where it remainedmotionless as the bark itself. The hawk lit on the same bough within a few feetof its intended victim, and remained sitting there for a few moments, searchingin vain. The black and white feathers of the downy blended perfectly with thebark and lichen on the tree. Other enemies, strangely, include house wrens, which have been knownto wait until downies have completed work on their nesting cavaties beforeappropriating the site for themselves. Unbelievable as it may sound, the housewren can be aggressive enough to attack a pair of downies and drive them fromtheir own nesting site to procure the cavity for its own. Squirrels, particularly red squirrels, will destroy the eggs and youngof downy woodpeckers. Attracting Downies Food, cover, and water are the three basic needs of all wildlife anddowny woodpeckers are no exception. Food and cover definitely take priority overwater, as downies seldom drink at birdbaths. Mature trees in an open woodland are the preferred habitat, but anykind of natural cover is better than none at all. A mixed stand of oaks,basswood, maples, and willows will suit downies perfectly. Food is simple. Downy woodpeckers love beef suet. Be sure that you getreal beef suet at the butcher shop. So often a butcher will give or sell youbeef fat, which downies will reluctantly eat in the winter. They prefer realsuet, which is the hard, white, opaque fat surrounding the beef kidney. Regularbeef fat has a greasier, translucent appearance. It will also decompose in warmweather and attract flies. Suet will not. That is why beef suet is reccomendedall year long. It is every bit as successful with downies in summer as winter. Plus, the suet feeder is the place where most of the baby downies are first seenby humans. They are so cute with their red caps and roly-poly appearance. Atfirst a parent bird feeds the youngster suet. Then it tries to get the youngsterto feed itself. All that free entertainment is yours to enjoy if you put up asuet feeder. Other feeding station foods that downies will eat include peanutbutter (its a fallacy that peanut butter sticks in the throats of birds),doughnuts, nutmeats, sunflower seeds, corn bread, and cracked corn kernels. Butbeef suet is by far the most popular with all the woodpeckers. Will a downy woodpecker nest in a bird house? Though most books onattracting birds or building birdhouses give dimensions for downy woodpeckerhouses, there does not appear to be any record of a downy nesting in a man-madehouse. However, there are records of downies using birdhouses as winter roosts. Special Adaptations The downy has many adaptations, ranging from the tail feathers to thetongue. First of all the downys toes are different than most other birds. Instead of having three toes in the front and one in the back, the downy has twotoes in the front and two in back. This arrangement makes the downys uniquetripod of two feet and stiff tail feathers more effective. The toes have alsoadapted another way. The outer hind toe is longer than the rest of the toes tokeep it from swaying. The downys tail is also special. Unlike most birds the downys tailfeathers are long and stiff. This helps balance the birds weight as it standsvertically on a tree. Another adaptation of the downy woodpecker is their unusual bill. Itis not pointed like most other birds, but it is chisel-shaped. A chisel- shapedbill makes the downys work of carving a nesting and roosting cavity easier. Thebill also helps the downy chip the wood around the insects buried in a tree. Thetongue is also worth noting. At twice the size of the downys head, the tongueeasily spears small morsels with a horny tip of recurved barbs. Yes, even the skull has changed to fit the downys needs. The skull ofthe downy is stronger and thicker than most other birds. So logically it is alsoheavier. This extra weight makes the little jackhammer more effective. But most amazing is not how the downy has adapted, it is its skill toadapt. When European settlers invaded the downy woodpeckers territory 200 to300 years ago, the birds did not retreat as did many of our native species. Instead, they accepted as a home the orchards and shade trees with which manreplaced the forests. Our early ornithologists were in agreement when theycharacterized the bird. Audubon remarked in 1842 that it is perhaps notsurpassed by any of its tribe in hardiness, industry, or vivacity. Alexander Wilson said ten years earlier that the principalcharacteristics of this little bird are diligence, familiarity, perseverance,and spoke of a pair of downies working at their nest with the mostindefatigable diligence. And so it is today. The downy woodpecker remains unspoiled andunconcerned by the threats of man. It just quietly flits around the backyardwoodland, tap, tap, tap-ing its way through life. Category: Science