From onstructivism to social realism Research Paper

From onstructivism to social authenticity - Research Paper Example Constructivism was the last and most prevailing development of contemporary craftsmanship to flourish in Russia in the twentieth century. It grew quickly as the Bolsheviks came to matchless quality in the Revolution of October 1917, and fundamentally it proceeded as a pole of lightning for the desires and recommendations of a great deal of the exceptionally evolved Russian specialists who propped up the objectives of the unrest It took thoughts from Futurism, Suprematism, and Cubism. Be that as it may, at its center was a totally novel way to deal with making substances, one which looked for subsequent to taking out the traditional imaginative enthusiasm with sythesis, and substitute it with organizing. Constructivism required a wary mechanical examination of contemporary hardware, and it was normal that this investigation would at the appropriate time produce thoughts that could be set to utilize in mass creation, helping the finishes of a contemporary, society of Communist. At the appropriate time, by the by, the weight bunch separated in endeavoring to make the development from the craftsman's studio to the mechanical unit. Various them proceeded to be resolute on the hugeness of theoretical, efficient work and the essentialness of workmanship without anyone else; these artistes impacted dispersing Constructivism all over Europe. Some of them, in the meantime, pushed on to a novel; be that as it may, short lived and inadmissible period alluded to as Productivism, whereby specialists worked in industry. Russian Constructivism was thusly down around the mid 1920s, somewhat a casualty of the expanded enmity of Bolshevik's system to cutting edge craftsmanship. By and by, it would continue being an inspiration for Western specialists, maintaining a weight bunch known as International Constructivism which flourished in Germany around 1920s, and whose inheritance carried on into the 1950s. Constructivism amplified nearby with Suprematism, the two chief contemporary types of workmanship to develop out of Russia in the twentieth century. In any case, unique in relation to Suprematism, whose interests with diagram and thought on numerous occasions showed up touched with otherworldliness, Constructivism immovably took on the novel cultural and social advances that rose out of First World War and the Revolution in October 1917 (Haifa, 2009). Intrigued with the abuse of ‘materials that are genuine in real space’, the weight bunch looked for after to utilize craftsmanship as an instrument for the common ware, a ton in accordance with the standards of Communists of the new system in Russian. A large number of crafted by Russian Constructivists from this stage involved plans in engineering, inward and style structure, stoneware, print and illustrations. El Lissitzky was fundamental in dispersing Constructivism outside Russia. In 1922, he co-arranged the Congress of Dusseldorf of Global Prolific Artists, related to Theo van Doesburg of the Dutch group DeStijl, and Hans Richter and here the intercontinental Constructivist pressure bunch was truly settled (Kimmelman, 2009). The craftsmen at the Congress in Dusseldorf promoted a recommendation that attested craftsmanship as an instrument of improvement, changing Constructivism into a portrayal of the contemporary period. In spite of the fact that the worldwide intrigue bunch didn't uncover usefulness, it loosened up on the activity of workmanship as a thing, and utilized novel materials to expose advances in hardware and industry. Germany ended up being the center point of the novel intrigue bunch attributable to the nearness of El Lissitzky, who used time in Berlin working on displays at the Grosse Berliner Ausstellung and the Van Diemen Galerie in the initiation of 1920s. He additionally worked in organization on various periodicals. Kurt Schwitters and Hans Arp were both charmed to the contemporary, specialized measures of Constructivism paying little mind to their c ooperation in the more progressive intrigue bunch Dada. Lissitzky's types of Proun likewise formed the exertion

The Monstrosity: a Common Trait in Shakespeare’s Macbeth and Shelley’s Frankenstein

Through time, the topic of the enormity has been a noticeable subject in numerous books and plays. In the play â€Å"Macbeth,† Macbeth represents immense characteristics however his aspiration as he endeavors to turn into the lord of Scotland. Victor in Shelley’s Frankenstein additionally shows colossal practices by utilizing science alongside his desire to make his massive mammoth. In addition, Both Lady Macbeth and the three witches infer their evil characteristics by affecting Macbeth to turn into the massive ruler that he is while Victor become impact by the two his place in time which is simply the Romantic Era and by the beast himself. What's more, both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth passed on because of their detestable activities. This is practically identical to the sufferings of Victor and Elizabeth as a result of the monster’s vengeance plans and Victor himself. Subsequently, in Shakespeare’s Macbeth and Shelley’s Frankenstein, mass is clear all through the aspirations, impacts and results of the principle character’s activities. In the play, the principle character Macbeth has the aspiration to become and remain ruler. So as to become lord, Macbeth needs to slaughter Duncan who has done literally nothing incorrectly. Duncan is an extremely honorable lord. In any case, Macbeth’s aspiration drives him to be increasingly strange and it harms his notoriety all the while. â€Å"I’ll go no more. I am hesitant to think what I have done; Look on’t once more, I dare not† (Shakespeare 2. 2. 53-55). Here, Macbeth increases his aspiration and drive by attempting to turn into the lord of Scotland. Macbeth thinks about the possibility that being above all else, he could do anything he desires to. Actually to achieve that position, Macbeth needed to kill numerous blameless individuals like Duncan. He needs to be best so gravely that he never glances back at what he did. By glancing back at the circumstance, Macbeth feels that it will carry blame to him. Comparability, Lady Macbeth cold-bloodily extends her desire to become sovereign of Scotland. A portion of her desire comes off on Macbeth. It is she who has the plan to execute Duncan. She ventures to get out the spirits. â€Å"That croaks the lethal passage of Duncan under my bulwarks, come you spirits that tend on moral musings, unsex me here and fill me from the crown to the toe-top full† (Shakespeare 1. 5. 38-41). Here, Lady Macbeth needs to unsex herself. She needs to be even more an amazing, heartless human by disposing of her ladylike side. It permits her to accomplish her desire. Moreover, she discusses the crown going from head to toe. Much the same as her better half, she needs Macbeth to be the best so she can be sovereign. Woman Macbeth is eager to follow through on any cost. Aspiration assumes a major job in both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth’s lives as they attempt to govern Scotland. In Shelley’s Frankenstein, Victor and the beast show their desire during their mission for information. On the night when Victor details his animal, he understands that his aspiration has been a disappointment just by taking a gander at his creation. Additionally, his arrangements got demolished. He had desires that sort of reached a surprising stop. â€Å"How would i be able to depict my feelings at this disaster, or how outline the wrench whom with such endless agonies and care I had tried to frame? His appendages were in extent, and I had chosen his highlights as lovely. Delightful! Extraordinary God† (Shelley 43)! Victor’s aspiration has now been a disaster. He looks at the beast to a wrench since he considers the to be as a frustration and an awful achievement. His words shows that his sentiments are huge. By contrasting his animal with a wrench, he is as a rule exceptionally unfair, making him tremendous. He endeavors to be perceived by society and from his viewpoint; it is difficult to accomplish that. Like Lady Macbeth, Victor has likewise unsex himself in light of the fact that while Lady Macbeth disposes of her female side, Victor disposes of his reality view and set aside the entirety of the mindful qualities at home. Be that as it may, he didn't expect to be insidious, he did it with the end goal of science. Like Victor, the beast has his own desire. The beast had the aspiration to meet new individuals regardless of his grotesqueness. At the point when he acquaints himself with the De Laceys, they strike back. â€Å"Agatha blacked out, and Safie, unfit to take care of her companion, surged out of the house. Felix shot forward, and with extraordinary power tore me from his dad, to whose knees I clung; in a vehicle of wrath, he ran me to the ground and hit me savagely with a stick† (Shelley 123-124). Here, the beast attempts to satisfy his aspiration by meeting the De Laceys. He endeavors to clarify his aspiration. Nonetheless, things turn out wrong for him. On account of the way, Felix oppresses him and thinks of him as a beast dependent on his looks. His social drive drives him to being an evil showing up animal according to the De Laceys. That is the reason Felix hits him with a stick and Safie flees. They don't have confidence in him. In like manner, Macduff sees insidious in Macbeth, as he doesn't go to his shading. He simply like Felix believes that he is a beast. In any case, Macbeth is extremely detestable and has fiendish desire. The beast then again doesn't. In this way, enormity is depicted in the desire of both Victor and the beast all through their expectations to be acknowledged in the public arena. Macbeth not just shows immensity through his own aspiration, he likewise shows it because of different impacts. One gigantic effect on Macbeth is in all honesty his significant other. In spite of the fact that Macbeth had the aspiration to become lord, he doesn't have the drive to bring through. This is the place Lady Macbeth comes in. She is the person who drives Macbeth into slaughtering Duncan, turning into a flirt all the while. â€Å"We fizzle? However, screw your mental fortitude to the staying place, And we’ll not come up short. At the point when Duncan is sleeping, Whereto the fairly will his day’s hard excursion adequately welcome him, his two chamberlains will I with wine and wassail so persuade that memory, the corrections officer of the cerebrum, Shall be a smoke, and the receipt of reason a limbeck only† (Shakespeare 1. 7. 59-67). Here it shows that Lady Macbeth plays a gigantic job in Macbeth’s desire. Through her words, Lady Macbeth shows her grim characteristics. She is happy to step up and murder Duncan for Macbeth. Tragically, Macbeth gets bulldozed. The idea of killing somebody is for sure huge. The three witches furthermore have impact Macbeth such that drives Macbeth to become ruler. At the point when Macbeth initially tunes in to the expectations of the three witches, he is in stun. He later understands that it tends to be a reality. The witches are seductresses in Macbeth’s eyes. â€Å"All hail Macbeth, hail to thee, Thane of Glamis. All hail Macbeth, hail to thee, Thane of Cawdor. All hail Macbeth, that shalt be top dog hereafter† (Shakespeare 1. 3. 46-48). Here, the three witches are anticipating the fate of Macbeth as they reveal to him that he will become lord one day. This shrewd impact drives Macbeth to take the necessary steps to become lord. They cause Macbeth to accept that he can be above all else. This impact launches Macbeth’s plans to execute Duncan. Subsequently, immensity is shown as both Lady Macbeth and the witches demonstration like flirts to Macbeth while he endeavors to become lord. Victor likewise had a few impacts that cause him to show some enormity. The Romantic Era could be an immense impact on Victor as he flourishes to make his creation. His general public is depicted as a progressive and defiant one. As researchers in the Romantic Era make new and new revelations, it pushes Victor into making his own. At the point when the educator uncovers that Victor off-base about his hypothesis on why the tree lit up, it makes Victor alter the universe of science. â€Å"As I remained at the entryway, on an unexpected I observed a surge of fire issue from an old and lovely oak which remained around twenty yards from our home; thus soon as the stunning light evaporated, the oak had vanished, and nothing was left however an impacted stamp. At the point when we visited it the following morning, we found the tree broke in a solitary manner† (Shelley 26). Here, Victor sees a tree being broken by lightning. A cutting edge savant presents Victor about his thoughts on power and galvanism and why the tree totally broke. He demonstrates that all the researcher Victor follows like Cornelius Agrippa, Paracelsus, and Albertus Magnus weren't right. As the science teacher refutes Victor, it makes Victor make and accomplish something greater with the goal that he can top him one day. He has the hunger for information, realizing that in the Romantic Era, the sky is the limit. This period likewise represents some powerful and otherworldly impacts that may make Victor make his beast. It hints that Victor would seclude himself from his family so as to modernize the science world. The segregation of Victor demonstrates that his is enormous. Victor gets indications from the Romantic Era comparatively to Macbeth getting clues from Lady Macbeth and the witches. The beast has additionally impact Victor to getting progressively abominable all through the to and fro undertaking with the two. The contention among Victor and the beast begins to follow all the way through. Victor guarantees the beast to make him a female buddy with the goal that the beast would not feel forlorn. On the other hand, Victor wrecks the beast, imagining that it would dominate and degenerate the world. This makes the beast be irate. Moreover, he reveals to Victor that he will be there on his wedding night. Victor gets neurotic to where he begins bringing out weapons. â€Å"In the interim I played it safe to safeguard my individual on the off chance that the savage ought to straightforwardly assault me. I conveyed guns and a blade continually about me and was ever on the watch to forestall stratagem, and by these methods ained a more noteworthy level of tranquility† (Shelley 182). Victor’s one misstep of surrendering the beast at birt

Easy Compare and Contrast Essay Topics

Easy Compare and Contrast Essay TopicsIf you want to write an easy to compare and contrast essay, you can find plenty of resources out there to help you. The Internet is full of websites that offer helpful tips and advice for writing.Easy compare and contrast essay topics are difficult enough to write without having to worry about the accuracy of your facts and figures. Unfortunately, some students may not pay much attention to their sources or understand how to correctly cite and use the data. The main goal is to present a well-researched, and hopefully well-written, essay in a way that makes sense and has a good flow to it.Easy compare and contrast essay topics can be easier if the student does not give too much emphasis on reviewing her sources. By giving the information away in a way that is not relevant to the topic, the student can avoid the embarrassment of having to correct the error in front of the class. The key is for the student to take an honest approach.Easy compare and contrast essay topics may not be easy because the information given may be contradictory. One of the best ways to get this point across is to describe the source in more detail than the author. For example, instead of saying 'James Watson is an astronomer', you can tell the class, 'Dr. James Watson was a distinguished scientist who did research on autism'. This will give the student more material to work with than just what the author wrote.Easy compare and contrast essay topics can also be harder because the author is not sure where to begin. To make the essay easy, start by discussing two or three elements that were similar. Try to focus on those that were not discussed in the main body of the paper. After presenting the similarities, the essay will be much easier to write.Easy compare and contrast essay topics can also be difficult because of the language used. The key is to make sure that the research is accurate and neutral in nature. After all, if the points are based on fact , the reader will be more inclined to trust the information.After presenting the facts and figures accurately, make sure to go back and change the wording of the research. By doing this, you will be able to provide a clear summary that is completely accurate and neutral. The readers will be able to follow the argument and you can focus on the main points that you are trying to make.Easy compare and contrast essay topics may seem simple, but the truth is that they may not be as easy as they appear. The student should take time to do research and make sure that the material is presented correctly. The main goal is to make sure that the information that the reader receives is accurate and unbiased.

Twelfth Night By William Shakespeare - 1100 Words

Shakespeare’s play, â€Å"Twelfth Night† provides a great deal of insight into gender roles, gender identities, and desire in Elizabethan society. In Shakespearean times, women, and to a much lesser extent, men, were subject to a variety of arbitrary limitations based solely on gender. For example, women could not become actresses, and were practically required to have guardians and protectors. Additionally, both men and women were strictly held to separate sets of explicit standards, expectations and values. These roles that people of each gender were held to were very important to developing and maintaining interpersonal relationships. Those who violated these norms would have generally been looked down upon, or even insulted, especially by†¦show more content†¦In â€Å"Twelfth Night† a number of relationships exist and develop between the various characters. Unbeknownst to most of these characters, at least until the final scene of the play, there are a few people among them who are not as they appear. Viola, a woman shipwrecked in a foreign land without a protector, disguises herself as a man, and begins calling herself Cesario. This disguise fools everyone she meets in Illyria. In fact, it fools one woman, Lady Olivia, so well that she eventually falls in love with Cesario. Some might argue that she actually loves Viola, however this is not the case. Olivia is in love with her perception of the man Cesario. She does not love the reality of the woman Viola. When it is revealed that Viola is a woman, Olivia directs her affection towards Sebastian, who fulfills her desire to be with a man. To further explain why Olivia loves Cesario and not Viola, consider the letter Maria wrote for Malvolio. Maria tricks Malvolio into thinking that Olivia loves him. Analogously, Viola tricks Olivia into thinking she loves Cesario. Obviously, Malvolio does not think that Maria loves him, even though she is the author of the letter, and likewise, Olivia does not think that she loves Viola, even though Viola is the one pretending to be Cesario. Count Orsino similarly faces the reality that

American Foreign Policy And The Education System - 1471 Words

When Noam Chomsky speaks about education, he referred to it as an â€Å"imposed ignorance†. Thoughts on Intellectuals and The School is written by world-renowned linguist, Noam Chomsky as a response to the issues of Western education and the impact it has in the lives of the intellectuals and scholars. Chomsky is noting that intellectuals often cared more about attaining power than exposing the lies and truth. With that, he provided examples from the failure of the American Foreign Policy and decision making system to which the intellectual community fails to contribute its opinions to social issues, and instead, disdained from it. Furthermore, Chomsky suggested that schools should provide more discussions revolving moral and ethical concerns†¦show more content†¦We believe that if with knowledge, comes power, and with power comes a great responsibility, Chomsky was right that what mattered most was not the American intellectuals offering their allegiance to the coun try, but rather exercising their power to challenge the effectiveness of the individuals who represent their nation. Chomsky criticized how the American education system is portraying the country as a dominant power and treating the rest of the world as an American preserve. As such, there is the the justification of unethical behaviors that can affect American student’s perspectives of their superiority toward other country. Chomsky regarded this circumstances as a national disgrace toward American education system. Due to the fact that schools are the fundamental ground for future candidates of intellectuals, technician or troops who will disturb the status quo in the future that responsible for developing the means for the extension of American power. By way of example, history educators have glossed over several facts that certain historical events left a bad mark in history. Such as, the Napoleonic War where thousands of Europeans are killed. It is that debates regarding Napoleon’s legitimacy and moral ethical dilemma are rarely discussed, and history are rather seen as a win or lose situation between two nations at war. This view is very narrow and hinders students from becoming open-minded, problem

Benefits Of Genetically Engineered Food - 1240 Words

The alteration of plant and animal genetic codes for the ultimate purpose of increasing food abundance is an increasingly popular, yet controversial practice in the 21st century. Genetic engineering of food is done for a number of reasons, the biggest of which is increasing food supplies in the world, especially for the third world countries. However, there are arguments and even activist movements against genetic engineering of food, which begs the question â€Å"why is genetically engineered food so controversial?† The pro and con arguments of the genetic engineering of food cannot be overlooked. Although it is a controversial practice, genetically engineered food is more useful than harmful to people and the planet. The Benefits of Genetically Engineered Food Food security is one of the biggest concerns in the world today given the rate at which climate change is crippling the planet’s natural ability to sustain humanity. Forman and Silverstein (2012) note that should the current rate of global warming and climate change persist for the next ten years, the planet—not just the developing world—will officially be in a food crisis. This information can be backed by the fact that the world is already struggling to stay fed (Qaim Kouser, 2013). Genetic engineering of food, therefore, is a relevant topic as it is a means through which hunger and famine can be avoided permanently. It is only through genetic engineering that droughts, pests, weed-resistant crops, and pest resistantShow MoreRelatedEssay about Genetically Engineered Food Crops: Benefits Outweigh Risks1632 Words   |  7 PagesGenetically Engineered Food Crops: Benefits Outweigh Risks Genetically engineered (GE) food crops have caused heated debate in the food industry for many decades and have caused many consumers major concern. According to Dr. Carroll Rawn, a biology professor at Seton Hall University, genetically engineering food entails taking genes from a certain crop and inserting those genes in the DNA of another. This process changes the nucleotide sequence of the crop and, therefore, its characteristicsRead MoreThe Genetically Engineered Foods : Genetically Modified Foods1656 Words   |  7 PagesThe Genetically Engineered Foods Introduction Genetic modification is a special gene technology that alters the genetic machinery of living organisms such as animals, plants, bacteria or other microorganisms. Foreign genes (genes from other organisms) combined and inserted into the original genetic codes are known as recombinant DNA technology and the resulting food is called genetically engineered food, genetically modified (GM) food or transgenic food. Human beings have bred plants and animalsRead MoreThe Possiblities of Genetically Engineered Food1597 Words   |  7 PagesGenetically engineering food could be a viable possibility to ending the problem world hunger. There are many advantages to this solution but there are also disadvantages. This paper will aim to show both the advantages and disadvantages. I also hope to show the environmental impact that it could have. What is genetically engineered food? Genetically engineered foods are created when genes from plant and non-plant species are modified and transferred to create a food species that has certainRead MoreFuture of Food1392 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The Future of Food† In the passed couple of decades, the foods we deem to be natural or of the Earth are instead Genetically Engineered. The term Genetically Engineered does not mean that the entire vegetable or food is fake but rather means that there is at least one genetically modified ingredient in the food that is sold all over stores, which raises a great health concern for many people. In the feature production of the documentary known as The Future of Food looks at how modern day technologyRead MoreGenetic Engineering Of Food Is Good For The Welfare Of Humanity1135 Words   |  5 PagesGenetic engineering of food is one of the most controversial issues facing the universe today. Genetic engineering or modification of food is the artificial modification of the genetic constituents of plants and animals that produce food (Union of Concerned Scientists, 2015b). Genetic engineering per se is often conducted in the laboratory through a number of technologies whose primary role is to incorporate the desired qualities into the genetically engineered food crops and animals. Even thoughRead MoreGenetically Foods Should Be Approved For Human Consumption1675 Words   |  7 PagesGenetically engineered foods are defined as foods that have had genes from other animals or plants (hereby referred to as foreign genes) added onto their genetic codes. The genetic engineering technique can be employed on animals, plants, or on such microorganisms as bacteria (NIH). The question of whether foods derived from such organisms should be approved for human consumption is what has raised widespread controversy among many circles. There are those who view GM foods as the ultimate solutionRead MoreGenetic Engineering : Science And The Economy1495 Words   |  6 Pages Imagine eating at a dining establishment and being asked if the ordered main course would preferably be prepared baked, fried, or genetically engineered. Though odd, this question is coming sooner than later. Even though genetic e ngineering has been around for a long time, due to its increased advances, no longer is it an ignored issue. In fact, it is causing quite a controversy. Some feel, genetic engineering is a scientist s way of playing God, creating elements and bodies that were notRead MoreArguments Of Proponents And Opponents Of The Safe And Accurate Food Labeling Act1744 Words   |  7 PagesAccurate Food Labeling Act. This paper will now analyze each issue to determine the strengths and weakness of each side’s argument. One argument that proponents make about genetically modified food is that they are no different than natural foods. An argument that opponents make is that genetically modified organisms have not been tested enough because they are fairly new and some scientist truly don’t have an understanding of how it will affect humans bodies differently than natural foods. ProponentsRead MoreBenefits Of Genetically Engineered Crops1626 Words   |  7 PagesPeople opposed to ge netically engineered crops believe genetically engineering a crop to have a higher nutritional value will cause problems with a person’s diet. They believe people will then disregard other foods besides the new genetically engineered food, and this will cause other health issues. This does not seem likely because genetically engineered crops with enhanced nutritional value are aimed to help people reach a certain daily value of a vitamin or mineral, not to replace a person’s wholeRead MorePros and Cons of Genetic Engineering Essay1733 Words   |  7 PagesThere are many benefits of genetic engineering, but there are many risks too. Genetic engineering is the direct manipulation of genetic material in order to alter the hereditary traits of a cell, organism, or population. Basically, scientists take DNA of one product and put it into another product to get a mixture of traits from both products. It’s like breeding different breeds of dogs to get a certain look o r personality. Some people don’t mind what goes into genetically altered foods, while others

Healthcare for Antimicrobial Resistance -myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Do you think by developing new antibiotics we are actually solving the problem of Antibiotic or antimicrobial resistance ? Answer: At the present times, the medical research arena seems to be running out of antibiotics. While there were only two new classes of antibiotics in the market in the 1960s, the middle of the 20th century has witnessed around 20 new classes of antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance is a key concern of modern health system as the evolution of microbial pathogens is more advanced than the evolution of antibiotic properties. Development of new antibiotics rests on the desire to solve the problem of antibiotic resistance (Ventola 2015). In my opinion, by developing new antibiotics, we are not actually solving the problem of antimicrobial resistance. As opined by Sommer et al. (2017) the issue of antibiotic resistance is primarily due to the abuse of antibiotics. Individuals from across the communities have the inclination towards taking antibiotics for medical complications that could have been addressed through other forms of medication or other treatment processes. Antibacterial compounds have specific targets, and in a normal human body, such compounds have other adverse effects. In addition, completion of the full course of the prescribed antibiotics is a serious concern, leading to resistance. Antibiotics are also taken prophylactically, as a form of preventive measure for infections, leading to resistance. If antibiotic resistance is to be curbed at an immediate basis, there is a need to address the above mention challenges. Developing new antibiotics and successive failure to address antibiotic resistance will be a continual process if the cycle is not stopped at the level of misuse of antibiotic. It is only when the publ ic is aware of the appropriate use of antibiotics that development of new antibiotics would be successful in solving the problem of resistance. References Sommer, M.O., Munck, C., Toft-Kehler, R.V. and Andersson, D.I., 2017. Prediction of antibiotic resistance: time for a new preclinical paradigm?.Nature Reviews Microbiology, pp.nrmicro-2017. Ventola, C. L. 2015. The Antibiotic Resistance Crisis: Part 1: Causes and Threats.Pharmacy and Therapeutics,40(4), pp. 277283.

Communication Essay Example

Communication Paper It also creates feelings against others such as friendships, relationships, enemies etc, which are all produced by communication and thou it we wouldnt be able to express any of this emotion and thoughts. It helps in the workplace and in the general public, as you are then able to communicate in different ways because there are a lot of different communications that you will see and come across all the time. So knowing the purpose of communication helps you to learn and use communication in your day to day life. 1. Explain the reasons for knowing the audience to whom communications are presented Knowing the audience to whom you present verbal communication to is important because you will have to analyses first how you are going to monomaniac with them and whether they will understand what you have to say. If you had a board meeting and you had to present your idea of a new product in front of the head department of your place of work you would have to work out how to present it to them, because youve got to keep them interested. Because you are presenting a new idea you would probably make a Powering presentation on the computer with all the information you need on it and talk alongside it so everybody understands. However because they are of higher authority, you would use more complex/technical words to how you know what you are on about and youd also make sure layout, spelling, punctuation and grammar etc was correct. Also you would give everybody a hand out which goes into more detail and always keep eye contact. Everything would have to be formal. We will write a custom essay sample on Communication specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Communication specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Communication specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer On the other hand if you were doing a talk in a school on behalf of your company you would be less formal and communicate more through body language to keep the children interested. So knowing your audience is important. 1. 3 Explain the purpose of knowing the intended outcomes of communication The purpose of knowing the intended outcomes of communication is so you an use communication effectively in day to day life and be able to send and receive clear messages without and confusion or misunderstanding. It will help you hold a conversation with someone and understand what they are saying and then youll be able to reply fluently so they can understand fully what you are saying. Youll be able to learn from other people, how they use communication and try the different ways you find yourself. Knowing the outcomes allows you to prepare yourself in situations. If you know what different tones of voice mean, they you can judge what mood someone is in, o you can then prepare yourself, as to how to communicate with that person. You will also be able to gain feedback, knowing the outcomes, because you will be able to ask people and get them to understand your work and then get information back on what they think of it. It will build relationships, especially in the workplace and you will be able to understand and communicate without any complications. 1. 4 Describe methods of communication and when to use them There are three main methods of communication: Oral, Written and Body Language, all of these are successful and well used Ways of communicating. We use all of these on a regular day to day basis. Oral Communication is otherwise known as verbal and this is the most used form of communication. Many people in a business environment use verbal communication to present information in things such as boardroom meetings. It is also used to phone clients or customers, so we orally communication with many people. People who are listening to someone speak can communicate back and if they dont understand anything they are being told, they can orally communicate back and ask them what they said again or explain it in more detail. So oral immunization requires both speaking and listening skills especially in a business environment to ensure everything works along with everything else. Written communication is also used a lot within a Business environment as many emails, documents and letters are made to colleagues, customers etc. Written communication normally holds a lot more information in which people can look at or read to themselves and study in more detail. It is used to produce documents that can be stored for later use or send memos to colleagues or the min tutees of a meeting that then gets sent off to the colleagues. All written communication normally gets sent to someone, is given to someone to read, proof for certain things or is archived for later use. Body Language is often used as an expression as it sometimes helps people to communicate, people often show body language if they are doing a presentation or they are in a meeting. Your body language, facial expressions say a lot to whom you are communicating with and so getting them right when speaking to certain people is crucial when dealing with customers especially. Also you should maintain eye contact when talking to someone as it shows you are eager and confident. Sign language is linked in to this as well because deaf people use this to communicate with people who are deaf or people who arent, it can be learnt quite easily. A lot of businesses that have employed deaf people have had most of their employees taught how to use sign language or at least how to fully communicate with a deaf person. This is so no one feels left out or outnumbered. Understand how to communicate in writing 2. 1 Identify relevant sources of information that may be used when preparing written communication There are many different sources you can use when preparing for written immunization such as: Books, magazines, leaflets, the internet, dictionaries, thesaurus, newspapers, articles, discussions etc. All of these can help for any research or planning you need in preparation for your written communication. 2. Explain the communication principles for using electronic forms Of written communication in a business environment The decision of turning to electronic communication in a work environment is an effective and efficient way of using written communication. The reasons for doing this are because it reduces the amount of paper waste in the office, s more things will be sent via email and not printed off, or letters getting sent. Also its a much faster way of communicating as you can just send an email in seconds where as if you send a letter, it could take days to get to the destination. You can also send one email to as many people as you like quickly instead of sending out loads of individual letters out. However there are rules when it comes to work emails, there is no personal use; all content should be appropriate and relate to work subjects. 2. 3 Explain different styles and tones of language and situations when they ay be used for written communication There are many different styles of writing and they can be used in many different situations. A few examples are: If you are writing a letter to argue, you obviously have a problem with something and something has upset or annoyed you. You dont want to sound too aggressive, so you need to make it sound assertive but not too harsh and make them hear a firm tone of voice when they are reading it. It would need to be in a well presented, accurate and formal style in order for the recipient, to believe you are being professional. If its a letter of apology o are writing you need to sound sympathetic and sorry for whatever reason and so you need them to believe your tone of voice is soft and caring for them. The style you would use for this kind Of letter is formal but simple, it needs to be easy to understand but formal so they can see you are being professional about the matter. If you were sending an memo email to a colleague, you would just make it sound normal, tone of voice you would usually use in conversation. Unless it is urgent then you want it too sound more firm. The style would just be informal and short because its just a reminder to another work mate. 4 Explain the reasons for selecting and using language that suits the purpose of written communication The reasons we have to select different uses of languages in written communication depend on the audience. We have to use language that they can understand easily and are able to reply to with ease. For example, if we were writing a letter to a client/customer then we would use simple but formal language. We would be formal because we need to show that we are professional with our customers, also we have to make it simple to meet the needs of the majority of customers in case they have difficulty reading etc. So thats why we have to select and use certain languages. However when sending a short memo email to a work colleague you can make it informal and short as long as they understand it. So you can see there are differences in who you communication with. 2. 5 Describe ways of organizing, structuring and presenting written information so it meets the needs of different audiences Written communication can be organized by reviewing the needs of your audience and then planning what needs to be done. If you were writing for a customer with eye sight difficulty then you would have to organism the written ext to how they could read and understand it. So you would have to plan that the writing would have to be bigger than the average font size. If you were writing for a highly professional person, you would also have to review the needs of them, you would have to use a wide range of vocabulary and be SUre you know what you are talking about. Then you have to think about the structure of the written information. If you were sending letters then you would have to ensure that it is in Paragraphs, contains the correct use of spelling, punctuation and grammar, and that the audience can understand it. This includes the size if the text. You would present the letters in a professional way and it should be on letter headed paper to show that you are a company who likes to show their professionalism. You would also have to post these items and preferably in first class to ensure the intended receiver gets this written information ASAP. 2. 6 Describe ways of checking written information for accuracy of content There are a few ways of checking for accuracy in written communication such as; proofreading get someone else to read your work, as someone else might be able to spot mistakes that you havent been able to pick up on, its always a good idea to get a second opinion, then you can improve from the feedback they give you. Drafting This way, you start with a draft, which is a rough copy of the final thing, you can change what you want and make it how it needs to be and then once it is of high enough standard and accuracy, you then make a final copy which is the one you would use. Spell Check This is a feature you can use if you are doing written communication on the computer. There is an option you can use which will check your written piece of information for spelling, punctuation and grammar. This will then ask you if o would like it to correct these things. If you do, it then is accurate. They are just a few ways in which your work can be checked for accuracy. 2. 7 Explain the purpose of accurate use of grammar, punctuation and spelling in written communication The purpose of using spelling, punctuation and grammar accurately is so you and others can read the written communication without problem. All written information should flow and be understood by most people. Without the accurate use of these writing techniques, no one would be able to read the written communication you have provided, as it wouldnt flow and it loudest really make any sense, without things such as full stops and capital letters. So using these things will make people want to read it also because they can easily understand it. 2. 8 Explain what is meant by Plain English, and why it is used Plain English is a simple and direct piece of text or verbal communication; it can be used in either way of communicating. It is a straightforward piece of text that uses words that get straight to the point and makes sense so that someone can understand what it is about. People use Plain English when communicating because everyone/or most people can understand it, whether t be written down or spoken. When people see Plain English they can easily read it as it is words that are common, put together to make a short paragraph that explains something. It also wont take long for the person to read/listen to it and understand what it is trying to say as it is very clear. So it is used to make good points in meetings and demonstrations as people will be more interested and taken in by smoothing they can clearly understand. 2. 9 Explain the purpose of proofreading and checking work The purpose of proof reading any work you do is because you need to ensure he reader will know what you are trying to say and be able to read it without problem. So you need to proof read your work to look for any mistake you may have made, it could cause more problems if you dont spot the mistakes as others could read something completely different to what you mean. Also make sure you havent left out any important information as this is the main part of your work and need to be done with accuracy. You need to make sure it flows because if it doesnt, it wont make sense and will be hard to read. Also if you arent sure about your work, get someone else to check it and then advance on what they say, if anything. Its easier to proof read because if you gave your work in to someone without doing so, they could hand it back and youd have to re-do the whole thing. 2. 10 Explain the purpose of recognizing work that is important and work that is urgent When given work to do by different people within the workplace you need to know how to priorities so you can do things in the order they need to be done in. So for example if your supervisor asks you to print out the agenda for a meeting that is in 10 minutes and a work colleague has asked you to rite up a complaint letter, you would have to decide which need to be done first. Old personally sort them in urgency before importance so I would do the print out for the meeting first. We know this is urgent because the meeting the supervisor needs it for is in 10 minutes. Therefore I would to the letter after; even thought it is important, it is not as urgent as havent been given a timescale for doing it. So because its important it would take a little bit longer than writing a normal letter because the style, punctuality, spelling and grammar all has to be perfect as something important is being said within the otter. 2. 11 Describe organizational procedures for saving and filing written In my workplace the procedures for saving a filing any piece of written communication, such as PODs, Manifests, Emails, Letters etc. Are as follows: PODs, Manifests and any other Proof of Delivery is filed in filing cabinets in the office and when we run out of room we store the oldest ones in the Archive room in the warehouse in case we need to retrieve them in the future. Emails are archived in the mailing system so all emails we send and receive are kept in case they need to be traced back or needed to prove any mints between sites. Letters are stored with Anita as she receives all post that comes to this site and she sorts them. If we save any documents on the computer, we have to name them appropriately and make sure they are saved in the Drive, which everyone has access too. 3 Understand how to communicate verbally 3. Describe ways of verbally presenting information and ideas clearly When verbally presenting information in front of work colleagues or those above you, you need to ensure everything you want to say, is said in a way they can understand. You need to make sure you use the right sort Of engage, for example it would be formal if it was in your workplace and treat them no different than you would any other time. You need to be confident and believe in yourself as if you are shaky and cant get your words out they wont be able to understand clearly what you are trying to put across. Also you should be presentable and maintain eye contact to show you known what you are talking about and get the point straight across to those who are listening. Speak loud and clear and ensure you can be heard, they wont be able to here you if you mumble. 3. 2 Explain ways of making contributions to discussions that help to achieve objectives You can achieve objectives all the time by making contributions to discussions, because you can advance on others opinions and work tasks can be done in a more efficient way and also it can be done as a team. Expressing your opinion as well as listening to others gives you a chance to improve your work and also it makes yourself heard if you speak up with your thoughts. One way of doing so is producing a presentation/discussion that puts across all of your ideas along with your colleagues, so you can work towards hitting any objectives that may or may not have been Set. It improves confidence, skills and the work itself if everyone has an input when achieving objectives in the workplace. 3. Describe ways of adapting verbal contributions to suit different audiences, purposes and situations There are many ways to adapt ways of verbally communicating for different audiences, purposes and situations; you just have to assess the situations you are in. If you were in the situation of being in a meeting/discussion in the workplace, you would change how you normally verbally communicate as you will be expressing your opinion and trying to get yourself heard, so you are outing the purpose of the meeting. You would also have calm but firm voice and use formal language as your audience would be your employer/ colleagues. If you were in a customer meeting you would have to make sure you get your point across and that you use appropriate things to talk about and also ensure that the person can understand you, speak clearly and care for their feelings, use a softer tone of voice. If you were taking a phone call, its important to change the tone of your voice to suit the audience of the phone call, as if you dont sound enthusiastic and ready to speak then they Old get annoyed or agitated. You need to speak clearly in case the line is down and ensure the audience can understand what you are saying. If you were talking to someone who is deaf it might be a good idea to adapt to sign language so you can easily communicate. 3. 4 Describe how to use and interpret body language Body language is used all the time without you knowing it, so its not something you just use once in a while. You would use it to express your feelings or thoughts on something or someone, for example if you are in a group meeting you would look enthusiastic and some you would be smiling, ye contact, sitting up straight etc. This shows you are interesting in what the person is saying. However if you dont pay attention to your body language you could give off a bad image. If you were sitting in the meeting not interested, you would more than likely be sitting there with a frown, biting your nails, slouching, arms crossed etc. So you can see a big difference in how you express yourself. You can also interpret body language if you learn how to read it, you can know what another person is thinking just by looking at their body language and so you can communicate in a silent way in the aerospace. 3. Describe how to use and interpret tone of voice In the workplace me and every other member of staff have to control and monitor when we are using our tone of voice in certain situations. You can come across as being assertive or to quiet if you dont use the correct tone of voice for the correct situation in what you are in. For example if you were having a friendly chat with someone about work you would use your normal soft tone of voice, whereas if we were in a group meeting expressing opinions the tone of voice will be a bit more stern as you need to get your views across o all. However if you are giving or receiving a disciplinary the tone of voice would be more harsh as you have obviously made a mistake and you need to know that it needs to be altered and you need to acknowledge it. Also when speaking to or communicating with people in the workplace you need to carefully interpret the tone of voice of others, as you could get the wrong idea and make the situation uncomfortable and maybe cause conflict within the 3. Describe methods of active listening When taking part in active listening, as the listener you need to make it clear o the speaker that you fully understand and hear what they are saying. There are five steps to do so: Pay attention Keep eye contact with the speaker to show that you are caring for their thoughts and try not to let anything distract you. Listen and watch the body language of the other person as that expresses a lot when someone speaks. Also dont interrupt and start other conversations as this can be off putting for the speaker and will ruin the relationship between the two of you. Show that you are listening at all times use your body language to show this by occasionally nodding your dead, smiling and using other facial expressions because they too will be watching your body language to ensure that you are actively listening to them. You should also encourage them to talk about everything they want to talk about by using small verbal comments to show that you are still listening but you want to hear more. Provide Feedback When you are listening to what the speaker has to say, you cant judge them or jump to any assumptions about them, you are purely there to listen and to show you understand. So to show this you must give short feedback, paraphrasing is he best way to do so, as it is you reflecting back to them what they have just been talking about in a short sentence every now and again. Dont interrupt Let the speaker speak and only speak when they have a break or have finished what they are saying as it may cause the speaker to think you are being rude and dont understand, or want to hear what they are talking about. Respond appropriately Be honest with the speaker and explain to them why you feel the way you do and show them that everyone has different opinions and treat them as you would anybody else, with respect. 7 Describe the benefits of active listening The benefits of active listening, is that the speaker will always know if you are fully taking in what they are saying and tattoo are respecting what they have to say. It shows you genuinely want to know and understand what you are being told. This then develops a good relationship between the two people or more if in a group. Doing this is a workplace is very beneficial as then colleagues can express themselves and talk to each other knowing that they are being heard. It will also bring the speaker and listener closer to each there and also it can give the speaker disclosure which is what they sometimes need as the listener never judges in active listening. It makes the speaker feel as if they are resolving their problems when they speak out and so having someone who is listening and responding to their thoughts is good and relieves them of any pressure they feel. . 8 Explain the purpose of summarizing verbal communication This is important in a Business Environment as it shows that you have listened to the whole conversation and now you are ready to briefly look back on that and make any comment s or show how you feel about it all. Its a ways o bring the subject of conversation to a close and make any notes or ask any questions about any points you werent sure of. It also allows you to check each persons understanding of what has been said to ensure they have understood it in the way it was meant to and also it refreshes your memory in case you forgot something you felt was important or needed to be spoken about again. 4 Understand the purpose and value of feedback in developing communication skills 4. 1 Describe ways of getting feedback on whether communications achieved their purpose There are few ways to get feedback on whether your communication has achieved its purpose of being understandable and appropriate for the audience by asking people you have communicated with recently. Communication Essay Example Communication Essay On the basis of your reading of book â€Å"Media effect† explain and elaborate the theory of agenda setting. Also highlight the agenda setting role of media with examples from Pakistani setting. Introduction: This theory puts forth the ability of the media to influence the significance of events in the publics mind. The media set the agenda for the audiences discussion and mentally order and organize their world. The theory is consistent with a use and gratification approach. McCombs and Shaw  assert that the agenda-setting function of the media causes the correlation between the media and public ordering of priorities. The people most affected by the media agenda are those who have a high need for orientation. Agenda Setting Theory: The  agenda-setting theory  is the theory that the  news media  have a large influence on audiences by their choice of what stories to consider  newsworthy  and how much  prominence and space to give them. Agenda-setting theory’s main postulate is  salience  transfer. Salience  transfer is the ability of the  news media  to transfer issues of importance from their  news media  agendas  to public  agendas. Through their day-by-day selection and display of the news, editors and news directors focus our attention and influence our perceptions of what are the most important issues of the day. This ability to influence the  salience  of topics on the public  agenda  has come to be called the  agenda  setting role of the  news media. Foundation The  media  agenda  is the set of issues addressed by  media  sources and the public  agenda  which are issues the public consider important. We will write a custom essay sample on Communication specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Communication specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Communication specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Agenda-setting theory was introduced in 1972 by  Maxwell McCombs  and  Donald Shaw  in their ground breaking study of the role of the  media  in 1968 presidential campaign in  Chapel Hill, North Carolina. The theory explains the  correlation  between the rate at which  media  cover a story and the extent that people think that this story is important. This correlation has been shown to occur repeatedly. In the dissatisfaction of the  magic bullet theory,  McCombs  and  Shaw  introduced agenda setting theory in the  Public Opinion Quarterly. The theory was derived from their study that took place in Chapel Hill, NC, where the researchers surveyed 100 undecided voters during the 1968 presidential campaign on what they thought were key issues and measured that against the actual  media  content. The ranking of issues was almost identical with a correlation of . 97, and the conclusions matched their hypothesis that the  mass media  positioned the  agenda  for public opinion by emphasizing specific topics. Subsequent research on  agenda-setting theory provided evidence for the  cause-and-effect chain of influence  being debated by critics in the field. One particular study made leaps to prove the cause-effect relationship. The study was conducted by Yale researchers,  Shanto Iyengar, Mark Peters, and  Donald Kinder. The researchers had three groups of subjects fill out questionnaires about their own concerns and then each group watched different evening news programs, each of which emphasized a different issue. After watching the news for four days, the subjects again filled out questionnaires and the issues that they rated as most important matched the issues they viewed on the evening news. The study demonstrated a cause-and-effect relationship between  media  agenda  and public  agenda. As of 2004, there were over 400 empirical studies examining the effects of  Agenda  Setting. The theory has evolved beyond the  medias  influence on the publics perceptions of issue  salience  to political candidates and corporate reputation. Functions The  agenda-setting function has multiple components: ? Media  agenda  are issues discussed in the media, such as newspapers, television, and radio. ? Public  agenda  are issues discussed among members of the public. Policy  agenda  are issues that policy makers consider important, such as legislators. ? Corporate  agenda  are issues that big corporations consider important. These four  agendas  are interrelated. The two basic assumptions that underlie most research on  agenda-setting are that the press and the  media  do not reflect reality, they filter and shape it, and the media concentra tion on a few issues and subjects leads the public to perceive those issues as more important than other issues. Levels of  agenda  setting ? The first-level  agenda  setting is most traditionally studied by researchers. Simply put, the focus is/was on major issues/objects and the transfer of the salience of those objects/issues. From these broad issues,  agenda  setting evolved to look not only at the major issues/objects, but to attributes of those issues. ? In second-level  agenda  setting, the  news media  focuses on the  characteristics  of the objects or issues. This transfer of attribute  salience  is considered second-level effects or attribute agenda-setting. The second dimension refers to the transmission of attribute  salience  to the minds of the public. More specifically, each object has numerous attributes, or characteristics and properties that fill out the picture of that particular object. As certain perspectives and frames are employed in news coverage, they can draw public attention to certain attributes and away from others. In this level the media suggest how the people should think about the issue. There are two types of attributes:  cognitive  (sustentative, or topics) and  affective  (evaluative, or positive, negative, neutral). Additionally, there are several theoretical concepts that fall under the umbrella of attribute  agenda  setting. Some of these include:   priming, gate keeping (which happens in both level) of primary importance, the concept of framing. 1. Priming: There are perspectives as to what  priming  actually is, but the primary concept is such: According to the  priming  theory,  news media  exposure presumably causes the activation of related knowledge, which is more likely to be retrieved and used in later judgments because it is more accessible in memory and comes to mind spontaneously and effortlessly. Iyengar and Kinder,  define  priming  as â€Å"changes in standards that people use to make political evaluations. 2. Gate-keeping: The concept of  gate-keeping  attempts to answer the question of who sets the  news media  agenda? Mccombs,  states that we need to look at three key elements: major sources who provide information for news stories, other news organizations, and journalisms norms and traditions. Mccombs  notes that journalists validate their sense of ne ws by observing and the work of their colleagues. Local newspapers and televisions stations note the news  agenda  offered each day by their direct competitors for local attention. Finding stories that are  newsworthy  can be difficult, but most journalists look for these characteristics throughout the information they collect. These generally are:  impact,  proximity,timeliness,  prominence,  importance,  conflict,  contradiction,  contrast,  novelty, and  human interest. 3. Framing: Although many scholars have differing opinions of what exactly  framing  is, Mccombs  defines it as, the selection of and emphasis upon particular attributes for the news media  agenda  when talking about an object (the fact of cutting and trimming news stories in order to filter it and shape it as the sender wish) . In other words, it is not just is said in news reports, but how they are characterized and presented. It is through this unique characterization/portrayal of issues/objects that communicates certain meanings to audiences apart from just stating facts and figures Usage: The theory is used in political advertising, political campaigns and debates, business news and corporate reputation,  business influence on federal policy, legal systems, trials, role of groups, audience control, public opinion, and  public relations. Strengths and weaknesses of theory It has an explanatory power because it explains why most people prioritize the same issues as important. It also has predictive power because it predicts that if people are exposed to the same  media, they will feel the same issues are important. Its meta-theoretical assumptions are balanced on the scientific side and it lays groundwork for further research. There are also limitations, such as  news media  users may not be as ideal as the theory assumes. People may not be well-informed, deeply engaged in public affairs, thoughtful and skeptical. Instead, they may pay only casual and intermittent attention to public affairs and remain ignorant of the details. For people who have made up their minds, the effect is weakened. Another limitation is that there is limited research in the realm of non-traditional forms of  news media  (i. e. Social Media, Blogs, etc ) and it’s  Agenda  Setting Role. Q-2Describe in detail the major features and concepts of the Cultivation effects hypothesis? Compare research of this tradition with traditional television effects research. Cultivation theory: Cultivation theory in its most basic form, then, suggests that exposure to television, over time, subtly cultivates viewers perceptions of reality. This cultivation can have an impact even on light viewers of TV, because the impact on heavy viewers has an impact on our entire culture. Gerbner and Gross (1976) say television is a medium of the socialization of most people into standardized roles and behaviors. Cultivation Effects Hypothesis: Stated most simply, the central hypothesis explored in cultivation research is that those who spend more time watching television are more likely to perceive the real world in ways that reflect the most common and recurrent messages of the television world, compared with people who watch less television, but are otherwise comparable in terms of important demographic characteristics (Gerbner, Gross, Morgan, Signorielli, Shanahan, 2002). Gerbner  et al. 1986) go on to argue the impact of television on its viewers is not unidirectional, that the use of the term cultivation for televisions contribution to conception of social reality (Does not) necessarily imply a one-way, monolithic process. The effects of a pervasive medium upon the composition and structure of the symbolic environment is subtle, complex, and intermingled with other influences. This perspective, therefore, assumes an interaction between the medium and its publics. Cultivation Theory ( George Gerbner, 1960’s) is a top down, linear, closed communication model. It regards audiences as passive, presenting ideas to society as a mass with meaning open to little or no interpretation. The ideas presented to a passive audience are often accepted, therefore influencing large groups into conforming behind ideas, meaning that the media exerts a significant influence over audiences. This audience is seen as very vulnerable and easily manipulated. Cultivation Theory looks at media as having a long term passive effect on audiences, which starts off small at first but has a compound effect, an example of this is body image and the bombardment of images. An advantage of this theory is that it is easy to apply to a wide range of texts and to a wide range of audience members, a disadvantage however is that it doesn’t look at the background, ethnicity, gender etc. of audiences. In 1968 Gerbner conducted a survey to demonstrate this theory. From his results he placed television viewers into three categories; †¢ Light viewers (less than 2 hours a day) †¢ Medium viewers (2–4 hours a day) †¢ Heavy viewers (more than 4 hours a day) He found that heavy viewers held beliefs and opinions similar to those portrayed on television rather than the real world which demonstrates the compound effect of media influence. An advantage to this study is that surveys are able to ask specific detailed questions and can be applied over different demographic groups. Disadvantages to this study is that survey questions can be interpreted incorrectly resulting in inaccurate answers and that participants of the survey may or may not be doing the survey voluntarily which could influence how they respond to the survey and the type of people being surveyed. Gerbner created the cultivation theory as one part of a three part research strategy, called Cultural Indicators. The concept of a cultural indicator was developed by Gerbner in order to be a more common idea of a social indicator. The first part of this strategy is known as the institutional process analysis. This investigates how the flow of media messages is produced and managed, how decisions are made, and how media organizations function. The second part of this strategy is known as message system analysis, which has been used since 1967 to track the most stable and recurrent images in media content. This is in terms of violence, race ethnicity, gender, and occupation. The final part of the research study is the cultivation analysis. METHODOLOGY The first stage in cultivation analysis is a careful study of TV content in order to identify predominant themes and messages. Since 1967, Gerbner and his colleagues have been meticulously analyzing sample weeks of prime time and day time TV programming. Television’s world is populated by a preponderance of males. Moreover, in portraying occupations TV over emphasizes the professions and over represents the proportion of workers engaged in law enforcement and the detection of crime. Lastly the TV world is a violent one. Step two examines what viewers absorb from heavy exposure to the world of TV. Respondents are presented with questions concerning social reality and are asked to check one of two possible answers. One of these answers (the TV answers) is more inline with the way things are portrayed on TV; the other (the real world answer) more closely resembles situations in actual life. RESEARCH FINDINGS Most findings suggest that among some people TV is cultivating distorted perceptions of the real world. Results from a national survey of adult viewers indicate that cultivation is not limited to children. In this survey heavy TV viewers evidently felt that TV violence and crime presented an accurate depiction of reality, since they also were more fearful of walking alone at night and were more likely to have bought a dog or to have put locks on windows and doors than were light TV viewers. Research has shown that content other than crime and violence might also demonstrate a cultivate effect. One study (1981) found that heavy soap opera viewers were more likely than light viewers to over estimate the number of real life married people who had affairs or who had been divorced and the number of women who had abortions. Not all researchers have accepted the cultivation hypothesis. In particular, Hughes (1980) and Hirsch (1980) reanalyzed the National Opinion Research Center (NORC) data using simultaneous rather than individual controls for demographic variables, and they were unable to replicate Gerbner’s findings. Gerbner responded by introducing resonance and mainstreaming, two new concepts to help explain inconsistencies in the results (Gerbner, Gross, Morgan, Signorielli, 1986). These concepts take account of the fact that heavy TV viewing has different outcomes for different social groups. Resonance: When the media reinforce what is seen in real life, thus giving an audience member a â€Å"double dose,† the resulting increase in the cultivation effect is attributed to resonance. Mainstreaming is a leveling effect. Gerbner says mainstreaming occurs when heavy viewing leads to a convergence of outlooks across groups. The addition of mainstreaming and resonance to cultivation theory is a substantial modification of the theory. The theory no longer claims uniform, across the board effects of Television on all heavy viewers. It now claims that TV interacts with other variables in ways such that television viewing will have strong effects on some subgroups of persons and not on others. COMPARISON OF CULTIVATION EFFECTS HYPOTHESIS WITH TRADITIONAL T. V EFFECTS RESEARCH Traditional effects research is based on evaluating specific informational, educational, political, or marketing efforts in terms selective exposure and measurable differences between those exposed and others. Scholars steeped in those traditions find it difficult to accept the emphasis of cultivation analysis on total immersion rather than selective viewing and on the spread of stable similarities of outlook rather than on the remaining sources of cultural differentiation and change. Cultivation theory is based on the results of research findings a persistent and persuasive pull of the television. Mainstream on a great variety of conceptual currents and counter currents. The focus on broad communalities of perspectives among heavy viewers of otherwise varied backgrounds requires a theoretical and methodological approach different from traditional media effects research and appropriate to the distinct dynamics of TV. Cultivation analysis is not a substitute for but a complement to traditional approaches to media effects. Traditional research is concerned with change rather than stability and with processes more applicable to media that inter a person’s life at latter stages (with mobility, literacy, etc. ) and more selectively. Neither the â€Å"before and after exposure† model, nor the notion of â€Å"predispositions† as intervening variables. So important and traditional effects studies, apply in the context of cultivation analysis. TV enters life in infancy; there is no â€Å"before exposure† condition. TV plays a role in the formation of those very â€Å"predispositions† that later intervene (and often resist) other influences and attempts at persuasion. Cultivation analysis concentrates on the enduring and common consequences of growing up and living with TV. Those are the stable, resistant, and widely shared assumptions, images, and conceptions expressing the institutional haracteristics and interests of the medium itself. Q-3Explain the concepts of Framing and Priming with examples? Also briefly describe Mainstreaming effects. Priming and Framing: Priming (mass media research), often cited next to Framing and  Agenda-setting theory, is a cognitive process, in which media information (Primes) increases temporarily the accessibility of knowledge units in the memory of an individual, which makes it more likely that these knowledge units are used in the reception, interpretation and judgment for the following external information. Framing Although many scholars have differing opinions of what exactly  framing  is, Mccombs  defines it as, the selection of and emphasis upon particular attributes for the news media  agenda  when talking about an object (the fact of cutting and trimming news stories in order to filter it and shape it as the sender wish) . In turn, as we know from attribute  agenda  setting, people who frame objects, placing various degrees of emphasis on the attributes of persons, public issues or other objects when they think or talk about them. In other words, it is not just is said in news reports, but how they are characterized and presented. It is through this unique characterization/portrayal of issues/objects that communicates certain meanings to audiences apart from just stating facts and figures; the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Entman, 1993 not only defines  frames  as â€Å"involving selection and salience. To  frame  is to select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more  salient  in a communicating text, in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation for the item described.    But also goes on to describe these four functions: 1) Defining problems-determining what a causal agent is doing with what costs and benefits, usually measured in terms of common cultural values; 2) Diagnosing causes-identifying the forces creating the problem; 3) Making moral judgments-evaluate causal  agents  and their effects; and 4) Suggesting remedies-offering and justifying treatments for the problems a nd predict their likely effects. It is through these four functions that the  news media  can highlight/characterize certain issues/candidates/problems/attributes and/or choose to ignore others. Furthermore, many other defined  news media  framing as the central organizing idea for news content that supplies a context and suggests what the issue is through the use of selection, emphasis, exclusion and elaboration.   When the news media  supply the context, select what to emphasize or exclude information, they show us how to think about an object/issue/candidate. In order for this to be effective the audience must be able to internalize the information and â€Å"individual’s therefore apply interpretive schemas or â€Å"primary frameworks† Priming: There are perspectives as to what  priming  actually is, but the primary concept is such: According to the  priming  theory,  news media  exposure presumably causes the activation of related knowledge, which is more likely to be retrieved and used in later judgments because it is more accessible in memory and comes to mind spontaneously and effortlessly. , its the actual act of link two different elements in order to generate a general known idea. The concept of  priming  is supported by the  accessibility bias argument  as well as the principle of resonance as some attributes may resonate longer with individuals than others. Iyengar and Kinder,  define  priming  as â€Å"changes in standards that people use to make political evaluations. † The premis e of political priming is that public evaluations of political leaders are made on the basis of issues that are on the top of citizens’ mind. This study investigated the impact of a national referendum campaign about a European integration issue on the evaluation of the incumbent government, the Prime Minister as well opposition leaders. Drawing on a content analysis of news media and a two-wave panel survey, the results showed that as the topic of the referendum (the introduction of the euro) became more visible in the media during the campaign, the importance of the euro issue for formulating general evaluations of political leaders increased. The incumbent government that was seen to handle the referendum poorly was penalized by the referendum. Exposure to news media outlets that covered the referendum extensively and offered negative evaluations of political leaders boosted the decline in overall performance rating of political leaders for politically less involved respondents. These results stress the necessity of considering the campaign and the specific content of the media to understand fluctuations in public opinion during a referendum campaign. MAINSTREAMING EFFECTS: Gerbner and his colleagues define mainstreaming as the sharing of that commonality among heavy viewers in those demographic groups whose light viewers hold divergent views (Gerbner et al. , 1980, p. 15). Gerbner and his associates look for mainstreaming effects by selecting groups of light viewers that differ strongly in their answers to a particular question (such as the estimate of the proportion of law enforcement officers in the total workforce). They then look at the heavy viewers in those same groups. If the variation in the answers of the heavy viewers is significantly smaller than the variation in the answers of the light viewers, the researchers speak of a mainstreaming effect of television, or a relative homogenization, an absorption of divergent views, and a convergence of disparate viewers (Morgan Signorielli, 1990, p. 3). Related to acts of violence depicted in programming, viewers are de-sensitized to the violence and become less empathetic to the suffering of others. Likewise studies of other social issues indicate that television cultivates assumptions we label stereotypes. Thus notions of gender roles are reinforced by television content when viewers see women in th e kitchen and men in the workplace. An interesting result of mainstreaming is that heavy viewers tend to label themselves as â€Å"moderate† instead of â€Å"liberal† or â€Å"conservative,† despite the actual positions they take on a number of political issues. Mainstream does not mean ‘middle of the road’† (Gerbner et al. , 2002, p. 57). Mainstreaming has influenced the heavy viewer to consider himself as conforming to the dominant viewpoint rather than be counted among those who are outside of the norm. Q-4: What do you understand by social Cognitive theory of mass communication? Give examples from your own society. Mass communication is something were all affected by in one way, or another. Directly, or indirectly, information transmitted by todays communication mediums shape and directs a societys expectations and behaviors. The impacts of mass communication exert a cognitive effect on us as individuals, and as a social group. The cognitive theory examines how repeated exposure to the media changes human behavior. Values: †¢ Valuesboth personal and societalare the focus within the cognitive theory of mass communication. The methods used to relay information are based on how values are formed, structured and directed within our minds. Research within psychology, marketing and communications all combine to give us an understanding of how media interacts with a societys value system. Based on structured methods that work on values, attitudes, emotions and behavior, the effects of mass communication can be pre-determined, and put to use. Features: †¢ A persons value system is built on pre-learned patterns of how to identify people and things in her environment, and how to interact with them. Patterns that carry an emotional overtone have the most impact on a persons value system. Cognitive theory refers to these patterns as Exemplars. These are the building blocks that make up a value system. Exemplars represent accumulated information blocks within a persons psychological make-up. Mass communication mediums like television and newspapers affect us on a daily basis. Cognitive theory views the information passed along through these sources as seeded with exemplars. Over a period of years, or decades, the medias portrayal of exemplars becomes a means by which value systems can be changed. Function: †¢   Media advertisers make use of exemplars within their advertising campaigns. Cognitive theory calls this the Priming method. Based on whats called a Landscape Model, advertisers can determine where best to promote a product within a television show, a newspaper, or a movie. Product placement within the framework of a story is based on where the product will most impact the viewers. Social cognitive theory is a subcategory of  cognitive theory  that focuses on the effects that others have on our behavior. It is a form of  learning theory, but differs from other learning theories such as  behaviorism  in several important ways. Tenets of Social Cognitive Theory: Expert opinions differ on exactly what separates social cognitive theory from the more general social learning theory. In general, however, these principles can be used to define social cognitive theory. . People learn by observing others, a process known as vicarious learning, not only through their own direct experiences. 2. Although learning can modify behavior, people do not always apply what they have learned. Individual choice is based on perceived or actual consequences of behavior. 3. People are more likely to follow the behaviors modeled by someone with whom they can identify. T he more perceived commonalities and/or emotional attachments between the observer and the model, the more likely the observer will learn from the model. 4. The degree of self-efficacy that a learner possesses directly affects his or her ability to learn. Self-efficacy is a fundamental belief in one’s ability to achieve a goal. If you believe that you can learn new behaviors, you will be much more successful in doing so. Social Cognitive Theory in Daily Life: Social cognitive theory is frequently used in  advertising. Commercials are carefully targeted toward particular demographic groups. Each element of the commercial, from the actors to the background music, is chosen to help that demographic identify with the product. Notice how different the commercials shown during Saturday morning cartoons are from those shown during the evening news or a late-night movie. And who hasnt at one time or another realized the power of  peer pressure? We all want to belong, and so we tend to change our behaviors to fit in with whatever group we most strongly identify with. Although we often think of peer pressure as solely a teen phenomenon, how many of us drive a particular car, live in a specific neighborhood, or have our hair done at a certain salon simply because it is expected of someone in our social class or peer group? Social cognitive theory  is a  learning theory  based on the ideas that people learn by watching what others do and that human thought processes are central to understanding personality. While social cognitists agree that there is a fair amount of influence on development generated by learned behavior displayed in the environment in which one grows up, they believe that the individual person (and therefore cognition) is just as important in determining moral development. People learn by observing others, with the environment, behavior, and cognition all as the chief factors in influencing development. These three factors are not static or independent; rather, they are all reciprocal. For example, each behavior witnessed can change a persons way of thinking (cognition). Similarly, the environment one is raised in may influence later behaviors, just as a fathers mindset (also cognition) will determine the environment in which his children are raised.

How to Find the Symbol of an Ion

How to Find the Symbol of an Ion This worked chemistry problem demonstrates how to determine the symbol for the ion when given the number of protons and electrons. Problem: Give the symbol of an ion that has 10 e- and 7 p. Solution: The notation e- refers to electrons and p refers to protons. The number of protons is an elements atomic number. Use the periodic table to find the element with an atomic number of 7. This element is nitrogen, which has the symbol N. The problem states that there are more electrons than protons, so we know the ion has a negative net charge. Determine the net charge by looking at the difference in the number of protons and electrons: 10 - 7 3 more electrons than protons, or a 3- charge. Answer: N3- Conventions for Writing Ions When writing the symbol for an ion, the one or two letter element symbol is written first, followed by a superscript. The superscript has the number of charges on the ion followed by a (for positive ions or cations) or - (for negative ions or anions). Neutral atoms have a charge of zero, so no superscript is given. If the charge is /- one, the 1 is omitted. So, for example, the charge on a chlorine ion would be written as Cl-, not Cl1-. General Guidelines for Finding Ions When the numbers of protons and electrons are given, its easy to figure out the ionic charge. More often, you wont be given this information. You can use the periodic table to predict many ions. The first group (alkali metals) usually have a 1 charge; the second group (alkaline earths) usually have a 2 charge; halogens usually have a -1 charge; and noble gases typically dont form ions. The metals form a wide variety of ions, usually with a positive charge.

Empirical analysis of determinants of audit fees in China Essay

Empirical analysis of determinants of audit fees in China - Essay Example However, financial information about some of the listed companies was missing for which the Chinese database RESSET was used as the supplementary source. Apart from this, annual report of some of the companies was also checked. The data that are considered for the study are of 2011. For the analysis of the collected data SPSS, statistical software has been used. The first section is based on the analysis of the whole data set that comprises of data of the listed companies of both Shenzhen and Shanghai. The second section analyses the data of the two cities separately. 4.2 Descriptive Statistics of whole sample The Table 1 given below shows the statistics for the audit fees with respect to the other variables. As the table shows that the minimum audit fees is ?1.00 million, whereas the maximum is ?3.51 million. This reveals that there is a huge difference between the audit fees of the two cities. However, the average audit fees in these two cities are ?3.51 million. This huge differen ce can be due to the factors like characteristics of the area and financial position of the company, which are located at the various places of the two cities. ... The minimum inventory ratio is 0 while the maximum is .94. The average inventory ratio is 0.18. The inventory ratio depicts a huge difference between the maximum and minimum levels. Some of the organizations are seen to have no inventories at all while some other companies are having a high level of inventory with them. This ratio helps in determining the fact whether the organization is making optimum utilization of resources. Therefore, a high inventory ratio is not good for the organization (Barthwal, 2007; Anupindi et al., 2008). Accounts receivables is the claim that is paid in cash and in exchange for the product and services that are provided by the company. The position of accounts receivable in comparison to the total assets of the firm is shown by the accounts receivable ratio. It signifies the complexity of the organization (Jiambalvo, 2009; 2007; Weil, 2012). The table 1 shows that the accounts receivable ratio ranges between the minimum value of 00 and the maximum value of 0.60. The average account receivable ratio is 0.93. The intangibles ratio of the firm is another factor, which is considered to affect the auditor’s fees. When the intangible assets are compared to the total asset, it is seen that the ratio is at a minimum level of 00 and the maximum level of 0.67. The average intangible ratio is 0.05. This reveals that some of the companies do not have any type of intangible assets while some others have. The current ratio is another factor that may affect the audit fees. The current ratio is calculated by dividing the current assets by the current liabilities (Lasher, 2013; Pratt, 2010; Gibson, 2012). The minimum current ratio is 0.11 and the maximum is 204.74. This signifies that there exists a huge

Anecdotal Record Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Anecdotal Record - Assignment Example Teacher Anthony walked up to Jane and asked,† What is happening here,† John replied by saying, â€Å"It is Jane who is bullying me around† Jane further stated, â€Å"Why doesn’t he take his problems to another place.† John further stated â€Å"I have a right to be in this center same as you; therefore I do not see a reason why I should not participate in the activity of my choice.† There was context in Jenifer’s dance as he was responding to the emotions she was feeling about her father’s death. Children are mostly attached to their parents while they are young and while they pass on, they are affected psychologically (Thomas, 2009). Jennifer is expressing her sadness because of her father’s death. It has been established that â€Å"one of the purposes of working with young children is to help them develop their social and emotional issues. When children are involved in independent activities the things they do are reflected in their actions.† By so doing, the teacher manages to establish issues affecting the child, which are then, take care of through counselling as in the case of Jennifer. There was context in Jane’s behavior when he dragged John of the stage. â€Å"In most case the behavior that is seen in children is a replica of what they are going through in their lives.† For example, Jane’s action reflect lack of attention at home from the parents and, therefore, taking out the anger on another student (Frydenberg, Deans & OBrien, 2011). Jane was expressing anger towards John because of the way her parent treats her at home. â€Å"The most significant thing while attending to children is to understand the underlying problem before reprimanding them to understand their social and emotional; problems. By so doing, such issues may be addressed woven if it means calling in the parents to discuss how to help the child.† Frydenberg, E., Deans, J., & OBrien, K. (2011). Developing

Health Prevention of Heart Disease for Plano Texas Essay Example for Free

Health Prevention of Heart Disease for Plano Texas Essay Due to the increase risk for Heart disease in Plano, the population is Risk for developing Hypertension which in turn could result in decreased cardiac output, activity intolerance, imbalanced nutrition by taking more than body requirements, and a learning deficient in regarding condition, treatment plan to include, diet, exercise, follow up, Untreated Hypertension potentially puts them at risk for Congestive heart failure, angina, or myocardial infarction. These in turn can result in severe pain, decreased cardiac output, ineffective tissue perfusion, and again a learning deficient in regard to condition, treatment plan and self-care after discharge. Development of any of the above puts the patient at risk for potential anxiety and depression which may be a result of changes in role, particularly for the male bread winner, thus resulting in a threat or change in socioeconomic status, changes in environment and routines or threat or perceived threat to self-concept and Interpersonal conflicts. In assessing readiness to learn in Plano, Texas it is important to note over 53% of adults have a bachelor’s degree or higher (more than twice the national average) (Demographics). This population is in a better place to absorb knowledge. Typically, young and middle-aged adults participate more than older adults, and the average age in Plano is 37. 2 so this is a positive for learning as we move forward on our Health Promotion plan (Adults). The population more at risk for difficulty in learning is the homeless. The total number of homeless as of September 2012 is 291; this is a 55% increase since last year (Conrad, 2012). Although this is not a huge number comparatively it is significant in evaluating readiness to learn. Homeless people are at a great disadvantage for receiving access to education because it is not as easily readily available to them. There are a number of community resources for the homeless, and it is important we work with The Samaritan Inn, The Family Promise Network, My Friend’s House as well as the Collin County Homeless Coalition, and the Metro Dallas Homeless in presenting the education materials we stand a better chance of the material being received, absorbed and applied by the homeless population. It is also important to work with these programs to see if the education is being implemented within the facilities by evaluating meal selections, access or encouragement of exercise. This can serve as not only physical by emotional advantage to all at risk patients.

Film Analysis of Jaws by Steven Spielberg Essay examples -- Movie Film

Film Analysis of Jaws by Steven Spielberg The film Jaws was directed by Steven Spielberg from the best selling novel by Peter Benchley. The film was set in Massachusetts resort town of Amity Island in the height of the beach season. When the resort was terrorized one summer by surprise attacks from a great white shark. John Williams created the score to Jaws, which has since become a well-known theme to in depending doom. The film is generally considered one of the scariest movies ever made. It was also set on the 4th of July, Independence Day. Because on this day loads of people are out and go down to the beach to have beach parties which sets the scene from being near and in the sea. As the film starts the music begins to play very quietly and slowly begins to build, which starts to create tension. Then the camera shows the point of view of the shark moving through the weeds making the audience know that something is present in the water building fear. As this happens the music builds up, gets louder and faster making you think something is going to happen building more tension and fear of the unknown. Then it goes to the main opening seen which starts with the sound of a mouth organ being played on the beach. This brings it back to being a safe and un-feared environment taken the shark off the audience’s mind. We also see a large bonfire on the beach which makes the audience think that it is a warm calm (non-threatening) environment. Then the camera pulls back and shows a wide shot of the sea this is a reminder that the shark is still close which creates some tension. There are people on the beach and we see a girl and boy ... ...rody if he keeps missing. Then at the last second Brody shoots hits the canasta in the shark’s mouth and it blows up killing the great white. This relieves the tension that has been building up making the audience give a sigh of relief. And the film finishes with a happy ending as Brody and the ocean biologist swimming into shore. I think the scariest moment of the film was when the shark was in the pond heading towards Brody’s son Michael. Because throughout the film the audience have got to know the family and when the shark was heading towards Michael a lot more tension. Fear and empathy was created because the audience are afraid of what the shark will do to him. Because at this point you have seen what damage it can do which makes the audience a lot more afraid of the shark and a lot more afraid for Michael. Film Analysis of Jaws by Steven Spielberg Essay examples -- Movie Film Film Analysis of Jaws by Steven Spielberg The film Jaws was directed by Steven Spielberg from the best selling novel by Peter Benchley. The film was set in Massachusetts resort town of Amity Island in the height of the beach season. When the resort was terrorized one summer by surprise attacks from a great white shark. John Williams created the score to Jaws, which has since become a well-known theme to in depending doom. The film is generally considered one of the scariest movies ever made. It was also set on the 4th of July, Independence Day. Because on this day loads of people are out and go down to the beach to have beach parties which sets the scene from being near and in the sea. As the film starts the music begins to play very quietly and slowly begins to build, which starts to create tension. Then the camera shows the point of view of the shark moving through the weeds making the audience know that something is present in the water building fear. As this happens the music builds up, gets louder and faster making you think something is going to happen building more tension and fear of the unknown. Then it goes to the main opening seen which starts with the sound of a mouth organ being played on the beach. This brings it back to being a safe and un-feared environment taken the shark off the audience’s mind. We also see a large bonfire on the beach which makes the audience think that it is a warm calm (non-threatening) environment. Then the camera pulls back and shows a wide shot of the sea this is a reminder that the shark is still close which creates some tension. There are people on the beach and we see a girl and boy ... ...rody if he keeps missing. Then at the last second Brody shoots hits the canasta in the shark’s mouth and it blows up killing the great white. This relieves the tension that has been building up making the audience give a sigh of relief. And the film finishes with a happy ending as Brody and the ocean biologist swimming into shore. I think the scariest moment of the film was when the shark was in the pond heading towards Brody’s son Michael. Because throughout the film the audience have got to know the family and when the shark was heading towards Michael a lot more tension. Fear and empathy was created because the audience are afraid of what the shark will do to him. Because at this point you have seen what damage it can do which makes the audience a lot more afraid of the shark and a lot more afraid for Michael.